A Phase 1 interventional study of NKF-INS(A) and EU-NovoRapid® in Healthy Participants, sponsored by Xentria, Inc.. Completed at 1 site in South Africa. Open to male participants aged 18 Years to 50 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-01-21.
Sponsored by Xentria, Inc. · Phase 1, Interventional, and Other
Single-dose, double-blind, randomized, three-period, three-treatment, six-sequence, crossover study to demonstrate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic similarity between NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog®, and EU-NovoRapid®
A single-center, single-dose, double-blind, randomized, three-period, three-treatment, six-sequence, crossover study to demonstrate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic similarity between NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog®, and EU-NovoRapid® using the euglycemic clamp technique in healthy male adult volunteers
Exclusion Criteria:
Single subcutaneous dose administration over three treatment periods
Drug: NKF-INS(A)
Single subcutaneous dose administration over three treatment periods
Drug: EU-NovoRapid®
Single subcutaneous dose administration over three treatment periods
Drug: US-NovoLog®
Single subcutaneous dose of 0.3 U/kg administration over three treatment periods
Single subcutaneous dose of 0.3 U/kg administration over three treatment periods
Single subcutaneous dose of 0.3 U/kg administration over three treatment periods
Aspart Concentration-time Curve From 0 to 12 Hours Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve (AUC0-t).
Compared the Pharmacokinetics (PK) of NKF-INS(A) to United States (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart demonstrating PK similarity for insulin aspart.
Time frame: Day 1 for 12 Hours
Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration (Cmax)
Compared the Pharmacokinetic (PK) of NKF-INS(A) to United States (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart demonstrating PK similarity for insulin aspart.
Time frame: Day 1 for 12 Hours
Area Under the GIR-time Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUCGIR0-t).
Compared the Pharmacodynamic (PD) of NKF-INS(A) to United States (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart injection by examining Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR) profiles after a single Subcutaneous (SC) dose.
Time frame: Day 1 for 12 Hours
Maximum GIR (GIRmax) of Glucose
Compared the Pharmacodynamic (PD) of NKF-INS(A) to United States (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart injection by examining Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR) profiles after a single Subcutaneous (SC) dose.
Time frame: Day 1 for 12 Hours
PK Parameters for Serum Insulin Aspart Concentrations: Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve (AUC0)-4h, AUC0-6h, AUC0-12h, AUC0-∞
Evaluated additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of NKF-INS(A) compared to United Stated (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart.
Time frame: Day 1 for 12 Hours
Time to Half-maximum Before Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration Time to Half-Maximum Before Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration (t50%-Early)
Evaluated Additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameters of NKF-INS(A) Compared to United States (US)-Approved and European (EU)-Authorized Insulin Aspart.
Time frame: Day 1 for 12 Hours
Time to Half-maximum After Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration Time to Half-Maximum After Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration (t50%-Late)
Evaluated additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of NKF-INS(A) compared to United Stated (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart.
Time frame: Day 1 for 12 Hours
The Terminal Elimination Half-life (t1/2)
Evaluated additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of NKF-INS(A) compared to United Stated (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart.
Time frame: Day 1 for 12 Hours
PK Parameters for Serum Insulin Aspart Concentrations: Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve to Maximum Insulin Aspart Concentration (Tmax)
Evaluated additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of NKF-INS(A) compared to United Stated (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart.
Time frame: Day 1 for 12 Hours
PK Parameters for Serum Insulin Aspart Concentrations: Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve AUC6-12h
Evaluated additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of NKF-INS(A) compared to United Stated (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart.
Time frame: Day 1 for 12 Hours
| Milestone | NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog | NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog, EU-NovoRapid | EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog | EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A) | US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid | US-NovoLog, EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Started | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Completed | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Not completed | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Withdrew: Protocol violation | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Compared the Pharmacokinetics (PK) of NKF-INS(A) to United States (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart demonstrating PK similarity for insulin aspart.
| min*ng/ml | EU-NovoRapid® | US-NovoLog® | NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspart Concentration-time Curve From 0 to 12 Hours Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve (AUC0-t). | 894.971 ± 18.426 | 899.163 ± 18.711 | 904.131 ± 17.174 |
Compared the Pharmacokinetic (PK) of NKF-INS(A) to United States (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart demonstrating PK similarity for insulin aspart.
| ng/ml | EU-NovoRapid® | US-NovoLog® | NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration (Cmax) | 1.754 ± 16.331 | 1.754 ± 17.492 | 1.805 ± 15.255 |
Compared the Pharmacodynamic (PD) of NKF-INS(A) to United States (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart injection by examining Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR) profiles after a single Subcutaneous (SC) dose.
| min*mg/min | EU-NovoRapid® | US-NovoLog® | NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Area Under the GIR-time Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUCGIR0-t). | 166278.835 ± 25.467 | 167245.347 ± 26.287 | 171020.184 ± 26.779 |
Compared the Pharmacodynamic (PD) of NKF-INS(A) to United States (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart injection by examining Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR) profiles after a single Subcutaneous (SC) dose.
| mg/min | EU-NovoRapid® | US-NovoLog® | NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum GIR (GIRmax) of Glucose | 604.789 ± 26.670 | 619.459 ± 29.184 | 608.934 ± 26.825 |
Evaluated additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of NKF-INS(A) compared to United Stated (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart.
| min*ng/mL | EU-NovoRapid® | US-NovoLog® | NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve (AUC0 -4h) | 828.375 ± 19.345 | 834.396 ± 20.308 | 845.061 ± 17.616 |
| Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve (AUC0 -6h) | 891.162 ± 18.308 | 899.163 ± 18.711 | 899.437 ± 17.172 |
| Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve AUC0-12h | 894.971 ± 18.426 | 899.163 ± 18.711 | 904.131 ± 17.174 |
| Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve AUC0-∞ | 965.874 ± 19.327 | 988.791 ± 19.146 | 959.327 ± 17.480 |
Evaluated Additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameters of NKF-INS(A) Compared to United States (US)-Approved and European (EU)-Authorized Insulin Aspart.
| minutes | EU-NovoRapid® | US-NovoLog® | NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time to Half-maximum Before Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration Time to Half-Maximum Before Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration (t50%-Early) | 24.515 ± 22.919 | 26.597 ± 25.395 | 21.980 ± 27.890 |
Evaluated additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of NKF-INS(A) compared to United Stated (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart.
| minutes | EU-NovoRapid® | US-NovoLog® | NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time to Half-maximum After Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration Time to Half-Maximum After Maximum Observed Insulin Aspart Concentration (t50%-Late) | 169.891 ± 30.545 | 177.331 ± 29.442 | 161.226 ± 27.896 |
Evaluated additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of NKF-INS(A) compared to United Stated (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart.
| minutes | EU-NovoRapid® | US-NovoLog® | NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Terminal Elimination Half-life (t1/2) | 55.742 ± 38.083 | 58.096 ± 47.795 | 53.348 ± 33.361 |
Evaluated additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of NKF-INS(A) compared to United Stated (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart.
| minutes | EU-NovoRapid® | US-NovoLog® | NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PK Parameters for Serum Insulin Aspart Concentrations: Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve to Maximum Insulin Aspart Concentration (Tmax) | 64.411 ± 37.344 | 69.888 ± 37.380 | 53.904 ± 34.668 |
Evaluated additional Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of NKF-INS(A) compared to United Stated (US)-approved and European Union (EU)-authorized insulin aspart.
| min*ng/ml | EU-NovoRapid® | NKF-INS(A) |
|---|---|---|
| PK Parameters for Serum Insulin Aspart Concentrations: Area Under the Insulin Aspart Concentration-Time Curve AUC6-12h | 36.36 ± NA | 30.360 ± NA |
Collected over Beginning of study treatment (Day 1) until the End of Study Visit (within 2-11 days of last administration of study drug). Adverse event (AE) assessments (including injection site reactions), clinical laboratory investigations (hematology, clinical chemistry [including glucose], coagulation, and urinalysis), vital signs, physical examinations, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), prior and concomitant medication assessments. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| NKF-INS(A) | 0/53 (0%) | 0/53 (0%) | 8/53 (15.1%) |
| EU-NovoRapid® | 0/53 (0%) | 0/53 (0%) | 6/53 (11.3%) |
| US-NovoLog® | 0/52 (0%) | 0/52 (0%) | 4/52 (7.7%) |
| Event | NKF-INS(A) | EU-NovoRapid® | US-NovoLog® |
|---|---|---|---|
| HeadacheNervous system disorders | 3/53 | 1/53 | 3/52 |
| ThrombophlebitisVascular disorders | 0/53 | 2/53 | 0/52 |
| Shoulder girdle painMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | 0/53 | 0/53 | 1/52 |
| HaematomaVascular disorders | 0/53 | 1/53 | 0/52 |
| Peripheral swellingGeneral disorders | 1/53 | 0/53 | 0/52 |
| Infusion site painGeneral disorders | 1/53 | 0/53 | 0/52 |
| Musculoskeletal painMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | 1/53 | 0/53 | 0/52 |
| AcneSkin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | 0/53 | 1/53 | 0/52 |
| PruritusSkin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | 0/53 | 1/53 | 0/52 |
| Upper respiratory tract infectionInfections and infestations | 1/53 | 0/53 | 0/52 |
| Age, Customized(years) | NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog | NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog-EU, NovoRapid | EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog | EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A) | US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid | US-NovoLog, EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 36.3 ± 6.2 | 30.2 ± 6.3 | 34.2 ± 9.8 | 32.1 ± 5.7 | 30.4 ± 8.4 | 35.1 ± 7.8 | 33.1 ± 7.5 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog | NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog-EU, NovoRapid | EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog | EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A) | US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid | US-NovoLog, EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Male | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 54 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized(participants) | NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog | NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog-EU, NovoRapid | EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog | EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A) | US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid | US-NovoLog, EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black or African American | 8 | 9 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 45 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| White | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 54 |
| BMI (kg/m^2)(kg/m^2) | NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog | NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog-EU, NovoRapid | EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog | EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A) | US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid | US-NovoLog, EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 25.1 ± 2.9 | 24.7 ± 2.1 | 24.3 ± 2.7 | 23.9 ± 2.1 | 24.7 ± 2.0 | 23.7 ± 2.7 | 24.4 ± 2.4 |
| Height (cm)(cm) | NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog | NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog-EU, NovoRapid | EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog | EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A) | US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid | US-NovoLog, EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 171.6 ± 8.9 | 172.2 ± 7.9 | 173.9 ± 7.4 | 172.6 ± 3.9 | 172.4 ± 7.3 | 171.0 ± 9.4 | 172.3 ± 7.4 |
| Weight (kg)(kg) | NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog | NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog-EU, NovoRapid | EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A), US-NovoLog | EU-NovoRapid, US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A) | US-NovoLog, NKF-INS(A), EU-NovoRapid | US-NovoLog, EU-NovoRapid, NKF-INS(A) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 73.9 ± 8.8 | 73.5 ± 10.6 | 73.4 ± 10.2 | 71.4 ± 7.1 | 73.6 ± 7.7 | 69.0 ± 6.9 | 72.5 ± 8.5 |
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Xentria, Inc.