An interventional study of Caregiver Praise and Gamification in Nutrition, Healthy, sponsored by The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 8 Years to 100 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-12-03.
Sponsored by The University of Tennessee, Knoxville · Not applicable, Interventional, and Other
The goal of this clinical trial was to test the preliminary efficacy of a digital dietary self-monitoring (dDSM) log that uses positive reinforcement strategies (caregiver praise and gamification) to improve child engagement in DSM. The main aims were to:
Participating children will be instructed to self-monitor their daily intake of targeted food groups (fruits, vegetables, sweet and salty snack foods, and sugar-sweetened beverages) for 4 weeks using a personal web-based DSM log. Each child-caregiver dyad will be randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: BASIC, PRAISE, GAME, or PRAISE+GAME. For PRAISE and PRAISE+GAME conditions, caregivers will be instructed to provide daily process praise to their child related to DSM behaviors. For GAME and PRAISE+GAME conditions, logs will integrate three game mechanics: points, levels, and a virtual pet. Points will be accumulated for engaging in DSM behaviors, and accrual of points will evolve a virtual pet over time.
The objective of the proposed study was to test the usability, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a digital dietary self-monitoring (dDSM) log that used positive reinforcement strategies (caregiver praise and gamification) to improve child engagement in DSM.
For this proof of concept trial, a mobile-optimized, web-based dDSM log was developed to test the two positive reinforcement strategies: caregiver praise and gamification. The dDSM log was developed as a mobile-optimized website, rather than an app, so that phone operating systems were not a limitation of use. Families were therefore able to access the dDSM log from a computer, smartphone, or other internet-enabled device. All dDSM logs included three basic features: 1) the ability to log targeted food groups with amounts and servings consumed, 2) the ability to indicate logging was complete for the day, and 3) access to a help feature that provided guidance on tracking and serving sizes. Children were instructed to self-monitor their daily intake of the following food groups: fruits, vegetables, sweet and salty snack foods, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). DSM focused on these four food groups because they had an established influence on health. Fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a decreased risk of chronic disease, and reduced consumption of energy-dense foods like sweet and salty snacks and SSBs was recommended for weight loss in children. Additionally, these food groups were frequently targeted in childhood obesity treatment and were easily understood by young children.
Using a 2x2 factorial design, each child-caregiver dyad was randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: BASIC, PRAISE, GAME, or PRAISE+GAME. Each child was provided a unique URL to access a personal dDSM log with the appropriate, randomly assigned features (praise and/or gamification). For PRAISE and PRAISE+GAME conditions, caregivers were instructed to provide daily process praise to their child related to DSM behaviors. While DSM was frequently implemented within treatment, children in the proposed study engaged in DSM without a concurrent intervention to tightly control the influence of the independent variables on DSM behaviors only (as compared to having all adult caregivers learn how to praise or having caregivers focus their praise on achieving dietary goals, which were both standard components of family-based childhood obesity interventions). Thus, only caregivers randomized to PRAISE or PRAISE+GAME were instructed on praise and, in the absence of dietary goals for intervention, caregivers had only one behavior (DSM) to praise. For GAME and PRAISE+GAME conditions, logs integrated three game mechanics: points, levels, and a virtual pet. Points were accumulated for engaging in DSM behaviors, and the accrual of points evolved a virtual pet over time, acting as a digital token economy. The number of points to level up increased with each level, so that each consecutive level was harder to attain than the previous one. At the end of the 4-week DSM period, families who completed follow-up assessments received two $25 gift cards (one for the caregiver, one for the child) and were provided access to a short online behavioral nutrition education program.
The primary DSM outcomes were frequency (i.e., the number of days any food/beverage item was tracked or logging was marked complete) and timing (i.e., how many sessions of recording were completed each day and whether foods/beverages were logged on the day of intake). On days in which no targeted food group was consumed, children had the ability to mark logging as complete for the day (Figure 1a). Indicating logging was complete in the absence of any tracked foods was considered a "tracked" day. Pre-post changes in intrinsic motivation were also examined.
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville is the lead sponsor of 95 studies on the registry; 6 are open to participants now.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Exclusion Criteria:
Children will be asked to track their intake of fruits, vegetables, sweet and salty snack foods, and sugary drinks in the web-based dietary self-monitoring (DSM) log for 4 weeks. Each child will be provided with a personal URL to access their log, which can be accessed from any internet-capable device (computer, phone, etc.). Caregivers will be asked to review their child's log each day and complete a caregiver check-in in the DSM log.
In addition to conditions of the BASIC group, caregivers will also be asked to provide praise to their child for engaging in DSM over the 4 weeks. Additionally, when the caregiver completes caregiver check-ins in the DSM log, they will receive a prompt to also complete a praise check-in.
Behavioral: Caregiver Praise
In addition to the conditions of the BASIC group, the child's log will also include a virtual pet that evolves over time as he/she uses the log. As the child earns points, the pet will level up and grow over time.
Behavioral: Gamification
In addition to conditions of the BASIC group, caregivers will also be asked to provide praise to their child for engaging in DSM over the 4 weeks. Additionally, when the caregiver completes caregiver check-ins in the DSM log, they will receive a prompt to also complete a praise check-in. The child's log will also include a virtual pet that evolves over time as he/she uses the log. As the child earns points, the pet will level up and grow over time.
Behavioral: Caregiver Praise · Behavioral: Gamification
Caregivers will provide praise for child's engagement in dietary self-monitoring behaviors as a form of positive reinforcement
DSM logs will include gamification (points, levels, virtual pets) as positive reinforcement for child's engagement in dietary self-monitoring behaviors
Dietary Self-monitoring Frequency, Overall
I.e., number of days with any logging. DSM frequency has been shown to predict success in family-based based childhood overweight and obesity programs. A day will be counted as "tracked" if any food or beverage is logged on that day or, if no food or beverage is logged, the "Logging Complete" button is clicked.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Dietary Self-monitoring Frequency, Weekly
I.e., number of days with any logging per week
Time frame: 4 weeks
Proportion of Items Tracked on Day of Intake, Overall
Proportion of food/beverage items that were tracked on the day of intake across the 4-week DSM period
Time frame: 4 weeks
Proportion of Items Tracked on Day of Intake, Weekly
Proportion of food/beverage items that were tracked on the day of intake by week
Time frame: 4 weeks
Number of Logging Sessions, Overall
The average number of logging sessions per day. Sessions were considered distinct tracking events if they occurred \>15 minutes apart.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Number of Logging Sessions, Weekly
The average number of logging sessions per day. Sessions were considered distinct tracking events if they occurred \>15 minutes apart.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Child Intrinsic Motivation
Gamification and caregiver praise may differentially affect child motivation to engage in DSM. The Task Evaluation Questionnaire of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) was used to determine whether there were differences in pre-post changes in child intrinsic motivation. This questionnaire consists of 22 items and utilizes a 5-point Likert scale (not at all true to very true) to assess interest/enjoyment, perceived choice, perceived competence, and pressure/tension. At baseline, the measure was administered after the child has practiced using the log with the research assistant so that he or she had some familiarity with the behavior before completing the measure. Scales range from 1 to 7, with a higher score indicating a greater degree of the respective motivation subdomain.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Child Motivation to Change Eating Behaviors
Child's motivation to change eating habits will be measured, as this may influence engagement in DSM. Children will be asked to complete the 8-item diet subscale of the Motivation to Exercise and Diet Questionnaire-Adapted for Children (MED-C), which is based on self-determination theory. The MED-C diet subscale utilizes a 5-point Likert scale (never to always) and includes 5 items related to motivation and 3 items related to self-determination theory needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness). This validity of the questionnaire has been tested in children aged 7 to 11 years. Scale ranges from 0 to 32, with a higher score indicating greater motivation to change eating habits.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Child Dietary Intake, Fruit
The act of self-monitoring a behavior may result in reactivity, or improvements in the monitored behavior in the absence of other intervention. Thus, child dietary intake will also be assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Block Food Screener for Ages 2-17 2007. The instrument asks about intake in the "last week" and focuses on take of fruit, fruit juices, vegetables, potatoes (including French fries), whole grains, animal-based proteins, dairy, legumes, saturated fat, added sugars (in sweetened cereals, sugar sweetened beverages), glycemic load and glycemic index. It takes approximately 10-12 minutes to complete.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Child Dietary Intake, Vegetables Excluding Potatoes
The act of self-monitoring a behavior may result in reactivity, or improvements in the monitored behavior in the absence of other intervention. Thus, child dietary intake will also be assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Block Food Screener for Ages 2-17 2007. The instrument asks about intake in the "last week" and focuses on take of fruit, fruit juices, vegetables, potatoes (including French fries), whole grains, animal-based proteins, dairy, legumes, saturated fat, added sugars (in sweetened cereals, sugar sweetened beverages), glycemic load and glycemic index. It takes approximately 10-12 minutes to complete.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Child Dietary Intake, Potatoes
The act of self-monitoring a behavior may result in reactivity, or improvements in the monitored behavior in the absence of other intervention. Thus, child dietary intake will also be assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Block Food Screener for Ages 2-17 2007. The instrument asks about intake in the "last week" and focuses on take of fruit, fruit juices, vegetables, potatoes (including French fries), whole grains, animal-based proteins, dairy, legumes, saturated fat, added sugars (in sweetened cereals, sugar sweetened beverages), glycemic load and glycemic index. It takes approximately 10-12 minutes to complete.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Child Dietary Intake, Sweet & Salty Snack Foods
The act of self-monitoring a behavior may result in reactivity, or improvements in the monitored behavior in the absence of other intervention. Thus, child dietary intake will also be assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Block Food Screener for Ages 2-17 2007. The instrument asks about intake in the "last week" and focuses on take of fruit, fruit juices, vegetables, potatoes (including French fries), whole grains, animal-based proteins, dairy, legumes, saturated fat, added sugars (in sweetened cereals, sugar sweetened beverages), glycemic load and glycemic index. It takes approximately 10-12 minutes to complete.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Child Dietary Intake, Sugar-sweetened Beverages
The act of self-monitoring a behavior may result in reactivity, or improvements in the monitored behavior in the absence of other intervention. Thus, child dietary intake will also be assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Block Food Screener for Ages 2-17 2007. The instrument asks about intake in the "last week" and focuses on take of fruit, fruit juices, vegetables, potatoes (including French fries), whole grains, animal-based proteins, dairy, legumes, saturated fat, added sugars (in sweetened cereals, sugar sweetened beverages), glycemic load and glycemic index. It takes approximately 10-12 minutes to complete.
Time frame: 4 weeks
| Milestone | BASIC | PRAISE | GAME | PRAISE+GAME |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Started | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| Children | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| Caregivers | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| Completed | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| Not completed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I.e., number of days with any logging. DSM frequency has been shown to predict success in family-based based childhood overweight and obesity programs. A day will be counted as "tracked" if any food or beverage is logged on that day or, if no food or beverage is logged, the "Logging Complete" button is clicked.
| days | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Self-monitoring Frequency, Overall | 23.0 ± 1.4 | 24.3 ± 1.4 | 22.0 ± 1.3 | 25.3 ± 1.4 |
I.e., number of days with any logging per week
| days | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 0.1 |
| Week 2 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 6.6 ± 0.4 |
| Week 3 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 0.5 |
| Week 4 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.8 |
Proportion of food/beverage items that were tracked on the day of intake across the 4-week DSM period
| proportion of items tracked | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportion of Items Tracked on Day of Intake, Overall | 0.73 ± 0.05 | 0.69 ± 0.06 | 0.70 ± 0.05 | 0.73 ± 0.06 |
Proportion of food/beverage items that were tracked on the day of intake by week
| proportion of items tracked | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1 | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 0.82 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.07 |
| Week 2 | 0.71 ± 0.09 | 0.68 ± 0.09 | 0.68 ± 0.09 | 0.71 ± 0.09 |
| Week 3 | 0.69 ± 0.09 | 0.61 ± 0.09 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | 0.66 ± 0.09 |
| Week 4 | 0.67 ± 0.12 | 0.52 ± 0.13 | 0.59 ± 0.12 | 0.59 ± 0.13 |
The average number of logging sessions per day. Sessions were considered distinct tracking events if they occurred \>15 minutes apart.
| logging sessions/day | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Logging Sessions, Overall | 24.6 ± 2.8 | 21.5 ± 2.9 | 22.4 ± 2.8 | 23.7 ± 2.9 |
The average number of logging sessions per day. Sessions were considered distinct tracking events if they occurred \>15 minutes apart.
| logging sessions/day | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1 | 7.0 ± 0.6 | 7.2 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 0.6 | 7.1 ± 0.7 |
| Week 2 | 8.1 ± 1.2 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 6.1 ± 1.3 |
| Week 3 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.9 |
| Week 4 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.7 |
Gamification and caregiver praise may differentially affect child motivation to engage in DSM. The Task Evaluation Questionnaire of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) was used to determine whether there were differences in pre-post changes in child intrinsic motivation. This questionnaire consists of 22 items and utilizes a 5-point Likert scale (not at all true to very true) to assess interest/enjoyment, perceived choice, perceived competence, and pressure/tension. At baseline, the measure was administered after the child has practiced using the log with the research assistant so that he or she had some familiarity with the behavior before completing the measure. Scales range from 1 to 7, with a higher score indicating a greater degree of the respective motivation subdomain.
| Units on a scale | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interest/enjoyment | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.6 |
| Perceived competence | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.4 |
| Perceived choice | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.4 |
| Pressure/tension | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.3 |
Child's motivation to change eating habits will be measured, as this may influence engagement in DSM. Children will be asked to complete the 8-item diet subscale of the Motivation to Exercise and Diet Questionnaire-Adapted for Children (MED-C), which is based on self-determination theory. The MED-C diet subscale utilizes a 5-point Likert scale (never to always) and includes 5 items related to motivation and 3 items related to self-determination theory needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness). This validity of the questionnaire has been tested in children aged 7 to 11 years. Scale ranges from 0 to 32, with a higher score indicating greater motivation to change eating habits.
| Units on a scale | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Motivation to Change Eating Behaviors | 30.9 ± 0.7 | 30.4 ± 0.8 | 30.1 ± 0.7 | 31.2 ± 0.8 |
The act of self-monitoring a behavior may result in reactivity, or improvements in the monitored behavior in the absence of other intervention. Thus, child dietary intake will also be assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Block Food Screener for Ages 2-17 2007. The instrument asks about intake in the "last week" and focuses on take of fruit, fruit juices, vegetables, potatoes (including French fries), whole grains, animal-based proteins, dairy, legumes, saturated fat, added sugars (in sweetened cereals, sugar sweetened beverages), glycemic load and glycemic index. It takes approximately 10-12 minutes to complete.
| cup equivalents | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Dietary Intake, Fruit | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 |
The act of self-monitoring a behavior may result in reactivity, or improvements in the monitored behavior in the absence of other intervention. Thus, child dietary intake will also be assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Block Food Screener for Ages 2-17 2007. The instrument asks about intake in the "last week" and focuses on take of fruit, fruit juices, vegetables, potatoes (including French fries), whole grains, animal-based proteins, dairy, legumes, saturated fat, added sugars (in sweetened cereals, sugar sweetened beverages), glycemic load and glycemic index. It takes approximately 10-12 minutes to complete.
| cup equivalents | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Dietary Intake, Vegetables Excluding Potatoes | .6 ± .1 | .6 ± .1 | .4 ± .1 | .8 ± .1 |
The act of self-monitoring a behavior may result in reactivity, or improvements in the monitored behavior in the absence of other intervention. Thus, child dietary intake will also be assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Block Food Screener for Ages 2-17 2007. The instrument asks about intake in the "last week" and focuses on take of fruit, fruit juices, vegetables, potatoes (including French fries), whole grains, animal-based proteins, dairy, legumes, saturated fat, added sugars (in sweetened cereals, sugar sweetened beverages), glycemic load and glycemic index. It takes approximately 10-12 minutes to complete.
| cup equivalents | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Dietary Intake, Potatoes | .2 ± .04 | .2 ± .04 | .1 ± .03 | .3 ± .04 |
The act of self-monitoring a behavior may result in reactivity, or improvements in the monitored behavior in the absence of other intervention. Thus, child dietary intake will also be assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Block Food Screener for Ages 2-17 2007. The instrument asks about intake in the "last week" and focuses on take of fruit, fruit juices, vegetables, potatoes (including French fries), whole grains, animal-based proteins, dairy, legumes, saturated fat, added sugars (in sweetened cereals, sugar sweetened beverages), glycemic load and glycemic index. It takes approximately 10-12 minutes to complete.
| g | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Dietary Intake, Sweet & Salty Snack Foods | 36.5 ± 7.9 | 46.5 ± 8.4 | 38.3 ± 8.0 | 44.7 ± 8.5 |
The act of self-monitoring a behavior may result in reactivity, or improvements in the monitored behavior in the absence of other intervention. Thus, child dietary intake will also be assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Block Food Screener for Ages 2-17 2007. The instrument asks about intake in the "last week" and focuses on take of fruit, fruit juices, vegetables, potatoes (including French fries), whole grains, animal-based proteins, dairy, legumes, saturated fat, added sugars (in sweetened cereals, sugar sweetened beverages), glycemic load and glycemic index. It takes approximately 10-12 minutes to complete.
| kilocalories | No Caregiver Praise | Caregiver Praise | No Gamification | Gamification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Dietary Intake, Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 28.1 ± 7.8 | 26.0 ± 8.2 | 33.2 ± 7.7 | 20.9 ± 8.2 |
Collected over 4 weeks. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Children: BASIC | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) |
| Children: PRAISE | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) |
| Children: GAME | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) |
| Children: PRAISE+GAME | 0/4 (0%) | 0/4 (0%) | 0/4 (0%) |
| Parent: BASIC | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) |
| Parent: PRAISE | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) |
| Parent: GAME | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) |
| Parent: PRAISE+GAME | 0/4 (0%) | 0/4 (0%) | 0/4 (0%) |
Numbers include both child and caregiver participants
| Age, Continuous(years) | BASIC | PRAISE | GAME | PRAISE+GAME | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 7.7 ± 4.0 | 9.2 ± 1.1 | 10.8 ± 1.3 | 9.3 ± 1.3 | 9.1 ± 2.6 |
| Age, Continuous(years) | BASIC | PRAISE | GAME | PRAISE+GAME | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 43.0 ± 2.6 | 43.0 ± 7.1 | 44.0 ± 3.6 | 41.0 ± 6.7 | 42.8 ± 4.9 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | BASIC | PRAISE | GAME | PRAISE+GAME | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 11 |
| Male | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | BASIC | PRAISE | GAME | PRAISE+GAME | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 15 |
| Male | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | BASIC | PRAISE | GAME | PRAISE+GAME | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 18 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | BASIC | PRAISE | GAME | PRAISE+GAME | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 19 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | BASIC | PRAISE | GAME | PRAISE+GAME | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Asian | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black or African American | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| White | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 14 |
| More than one race | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | BASIC | PRAISE | GAME | PRAISE+GAME | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Asian | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black or African American | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| White | 5 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 15 |
| More than one race | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 further baseline measures are reported on the registry.
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The University of Tennessee, Knoxville