An observational study in Pregnancy Related, sponsored by German Institute of Human Nutrition. Recruiting at 1 site in Germany. Open to female participants aged 18 Years to 35 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2023-10-23.
Sponsored by German Institute of Human Nutrition · Observational
The aim of this pilot study is to investigate dietary choices and composition during pregnancy and fluctuating sex hormones during the natural menstrual cycle in women. In particular, the investigators are interested in the relationship between diet choice, cognitive performance and diversity of the gut microbiome.
The study will be conducted in a longitudinal/cross-sectional design. Primiparous pregnant women will be investigated during four different time periods (during the 1st-3rd trimester and during the postpartum period). Women with a natural regular menstrual cycle will be assessed during two different hormonal phases of the cycle (early follicular, luteal) and undergo the same study design as pregnant women. Participants will conduct online tasks related to cognitive performance, food approach/avoidance behavior and risk assessment, fill out online questionnaires related to diet, mood, sleep and mental-wellbeing. In addition, participants will log their daily food intake for three days in a food diary and send in a stool sample in order to analyse gut microbiome composition.
Before the beginning of the study, participants will undergo a screening process related to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Upon successful study inclusion the procedure for each study session and both study groups will follow the same order. On Day1 of each time point participants will fill out a browser-based segment which includes questionnaires related to e.g. affect, food intake sleep and cognition (approximately 60 minutes) and are asked to complete four browser-based online tasks including and Approach Avoidance Task, Risk Decision Task, Stop Signal Task, Digit-Substitution Task) (approximately 44 minutes). The app-based segment will be completed during three days (Days 2-4). The timing of this will vary by participant, but takes on average 30 minutes per day for three days. These sessions will take place once each trimester, and once during postpartum. Therefore, each collection period will take approximately 234 minutes (3.9 hours) for a total of ca. 15.6 hours per participant.
The investigators will test the following hypotheses:
H1: Differences in food intake across the course of pregnancy with a decrease in healthy food choices (vegetables, fruits) and an increase in carbohydrates and fat ('high craving' foods) H1.1: Higher intake of fat, carbohydrates during late pregnancy compared to naturally cycling women H1.2: Lower intake of vegetables during late pregnancy compared to naturally cycling women H1.3. Higher Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) during pregnancy compared to naturally cycling women H2: Better inhibition performance during pregnancy compared to naturally cycling women H2.1: Higher executive functioning/memory predicts healthier food choices (more vegetables/fruits, less fat and sugar intake) H3: Worse food-related memory performance during pregnancy and the postpartum period compared to naturally cycling women H4: Higher implicit food approach tendencies towards 'high craving foods' during pregnancy than the postpartum period and naturally cycling women H4.1: Higher implicit food approach behavior towards 'high craving foods' during late vs. early pregnancy H4.2: Higher implicit food approach behavior is related to food intake of 'high craving foods', carbohydrates, fat H5: Higher risk aversion (less risky choices) during pregnancy compared to naturally cycling women H5.1: Reduction in risky choices higher in early vs. late pregnancy
Group1: primiparous pregnant women Group2: nulliparous women with a natural menstrual cycle
Exclusion Criteria:
Former or current illnesses of:
Primiparous women will participate in the study during the 1st - 3rd trimester of pregnancy and during the postpartum period.
Nulliparous women with a regular natural menstrual cycle will undergo the same study procedure as pregnant women.
Food diary
Changes in dietary composition during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle will be assessed using a food diary. This will allow to analyse food composition based on macronutrients and compare protein, fat and carbohydrate consumption across different time points.
Time frame: 3 days during 4 study appointments (in ca. 12 months)
Avoidance/approach behavior (food stimuli, baby vs. adult pictures)
Participants will undergo an online avoidance approach task in which images are either visually increased or decreased, based on the instruction. In a first trial food images are presented based on craving ratings. The second part consists of pictures of babies and adults assessing possible changes in approach avoidance tendencies to baby stimuli in pregnant women.
Time frame: 4 study appointments (in ca. 12 months)
Inhibitory control
Inhibitory control will be assessed using a go/no-go task. Go trials will be presented 80% of the time, in an arrow either pointing towards the right or left is presented. Participants have to respond by pressing either right or left, matching the stimulus presentation. 20% of the time a stop signal (xx) will be presented, requiring no button press from participants.
Time frame: 4 study appointments (in ca. 12 months)
Risk and decision-making
Participants will make choices in a lottery task based on risky vs safe options. Risky options are less likely but associated with higher fictional monetary rewards whereas safe options occur with a high likelihood and are associated with less monetary rewards.
Time frame: 4 study appointments (in ca. 12 months)
Processing speed
In a digit substitution task, a table with symbols and matching numbers is displayed. For one chosen symbol participants have to indicate the matching symbol as quickly as possible. In order to avoid memory effects, the ordering of symbols and numbers is changed in each trial.
Time frame: 4 study appointments (in ca. 12 months)
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German Institute of Human Nutrition