A Phase 2 interventional study of Oxytocin nasal spray or placebo in Social Phobia, sponsored by University of Washington. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 45 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-06-11.
Sponsored by University of Washington · Phase 2, Interventional, and Treatment
The investigators are conducting this research study to examine whether oxytocin enhances social safety learning (learning safety through the experience of another individual) in people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) compared to healthy volunteers. Oxytocin is a hormone that can also act as a chemical messenger in the brain. Oxytocin plays a role in a number of functions, including responding to fear and social interactions. In this study, the investigators would like to compare the effects of oxytocin and placebo nasal sprays in adults with SAD and healthy adults. This research study will compare an oxytocin nasal spray to a placebo nasal spray. About 120 people will take part in this research study, all at the University of Washington (UW).
The goal of the current study is to examine the potential role of oxytocin in enhancing social learning in SAD. The investigators' primary hypothesis is that vicarious extinction learning will contribute to safety learning and that oxytocin will potentiate vicarious extinction learning in patients with SAD, compared to healthy controls (HC). The investigators will directly test the effect of intranasal oxytocin and matching placebo on the brain mechanisms underlying vicarious extinction learning using a novel task. 60 adults with SAD and 60 healthy control participants will perform a task that involves three phases: (i) a standard social fear acquisition procedure while in a mock scanner, followed by (ii) a vicarious extinction and (iii) fear reinstatement test procedure, while being scanned during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants will receive oxytocin or placebo prior to the extinction phase. The investigators will also measure skin conductance responses as an index of learning in each phase.
348 studies on the registry are indexed under Phobia, Social; 61 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 121 is above the median of 80 across 320 interventional studies indexed under Phobia, Social.
Browse Phobia, Social studies →University of Washington is the lead sponsor of 1,397 studies on the registry; 225 are open to participants now.
Of its 154 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 132 (86%) have results posted.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
For Clinical Sample
For Healthy Sample
Exclusion Criteria:
For All Groups
For Clinical Sample
For Healthy Sample
This group consists of individuals with at least moderate symptoms of social anxiety disorder. This group will receive either an oxytocin or placebo administration (blind randomization).
Drug: Oxytocin nasal spray or placebo
This group consists of a healthy sample of individuals (no lifetime diagnoses of mania or psychotic disorders). This group will receive either an oxytocin or placebo administration (blind randomization).
Drug: Oxytocin nasal spray or placebo
Single acute administration of 24 international units (IU) oxytocin or matching placebo
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Insula During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Insula During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Amygdala During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the amygdala region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS- During Extinction
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS- stimuli during Extinction
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS+S During Extinction
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS+S stimuli during Extinction
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS+R During Extinction
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS+R stimuli during Extinction
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS- During Reinstatement
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS- stimuli during Reinstatement
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS+S During Reinstatement
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS+S stimuli during Reinstatement
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS+R During Reinstatement
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS+R stimuli during Reinstatement
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Insula During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Amygdala During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the amygdala region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Amygdala During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS- (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the amygdala region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Insula During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS- (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS- (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS- (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS- (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Amygdala During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the amygdala region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Insula During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Extinction Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Amygdala During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during fear reinstatement, which tests the return of fear (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the amygdala region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Insula During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during fear reinstatement, which tests the return of fear (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during fear reinstatement, which tests the return of fear (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests the return of fear (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests the return of fear (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
Time frame: immediately (45 minutes) after receiving drug
Participants were recruited from the community via online and print advertisements and through local research volunteer databases.
| Milestone | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Started | 23 | 28 | 29 | 24 |
| Completed | 23 | 28 | 28 | 24 |
| Not completed | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Insula During the Extinction Phase | -0.30981097 ± 1.26938756 | 0.30048434 ± 1.18240582 | -0.13914898 ± 1.37320224 | 0.15823593 ± 1.17250848 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Extinction Phase | -0.54355789 ± 1.335981511 | -0.43311088 ± 1.093056486 | -0.19255644 ± 1.431375519 | -0.76718325 ± 1.20337605 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Extinction Phase | -0.07399244 ± 1.07281373 | 0.063813396 ± 1.38005297 | 0.156824376 ± 1.295934186 | 0.279316489 ± 1.259501388 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| changes in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Extinction Phase | -0.204600375 ± 1.285989133 | 0.106625352 ± 1.27655833 | -0.306720406 ± 1.245533541 | -0.214274187 ± 1.6338638 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase | 0.130227 ± 1.372415 | 0.296665 ± 1.181538 | 0.295264 ± 1.16357 | 0.605202 ± 1.608406 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Insula During the Reinstatement Phase | 0.057116 ± 1.260536 | 0.447198 ± 1.340947 | 0.151774 ± 1.466662 | 0.66191 ± 1.598863 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Reinstatement Phase | -0.11068 ± 1.31177 | -0.03876 ± 1.292054 | 0.145557 ± 1.243421 | -0.06121 ± 1.285574 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the amygdala region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Amygdala During the Reinstatement Phase | -0.14044 ± 1.142882 | 0.213951 ± 1.122094 | 0.114811 ± 1.414787 | 0.15224 ± 1.207956 |
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS- stimuli during Extinction
| microsiemens | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS- During Extinction | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.06 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS+S stimuli during Extinction
| microsiemens | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS+S During Extinction | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.02 |
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS+R stimuli during Extinction
| microsiemens | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS+R During Extinction | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.07 | 0.02 ± 0.02 |
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS- stimuli during Reinstatement
| microsiemens | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS- During Reinstatement | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.07 |
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS+S stimuli during Reinstatement
| microsiemens | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS+S During Reinstatement | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.08 ± 0.12 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.08 |
mean skin conductance responses (SCR) for CS+R stimuli during Reinstatement
| microsiemens | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) to CS+R During Reinstatement | 0.10 ± 0.14 | 0.09 ± 0.11 | 0.08 ± 0.12 | 0.08 ± 0.11 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Insula During the Extinction Phase | -0.048053691 ± 1.36899941 | 0.264588537 ± 1.577661458 | 0.279971677 ± 1.21795838 | 0.708900671 ± 1.49947924 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the amygdala region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Amygdala During the Extinction Phase | -0.08101320 ± 0.7983 | -0.327437765 ± 0.931213858 | -0.023351832 ± 1.40505956 | -0.490350729 ± 1.360381133 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase | -0.36278 ± 1.330302 | 0.043883 ± 1.046009 | 0.222867 ± 1.302505 | 0.299902 ± 1.268789 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Extinction Phase | -0.559612442 ± 1.532436298 | -0.746694474 ± 1.040686673 | -0.344025135 ± 1.510782312 | -0.978229125 ± 1.717965709 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Extinction Phase | -0.147310521 ± 1.240041128 | 0.506042926 ± 1.618323353 | 0.423485753 ± 1.259903072 | 0.770724864 ± 1.419967213 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Extinction Phase | -0.40540628 ± 1.362599688 | -0.120150283 ± 1.240041128 | -0.393528327 ± 1.27006626 | -0.385634084 ± 1.665910989 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS- (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the amygdala region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Amygdala During the Reinstatement Phase | -0.412378445 ± 1.386140637 | -0.00869704 ± 1.048446472 | -0.295224068 ± 1.446046052 | -0.303311941 ± 1.532289751 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS- (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Insula During the Reinstatement Phase | 0.053789723 ± 1.269563744 | 0.033436733 ± 1.221067419 | -0.037957909 ± 1.38667917 | 0.461845841 ± 1.793083911 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS- (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Reinstatement Phase | -0.516644315 ± 1.550951364 | -0.676128825 ± 1.133257628 | -0.668993539 ± 1.329069179 | -0.405800121 ± 1.444904163 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS- (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase | 0.36891754 ± 1.440178669 | -0.052933723 ± 1.257636002 | 0.310523262 ± 1.419753 | 0.610406015 ± 1.60736525 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Extinction Phase | 0.036121 ± 1.195781 | -0.26162 ± 1.103313 | -0.13658 ± 1.510163 | -0.12299 ± 1.02176 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS- (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS- Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase | -0.187647034 ± 1.439881626 | -0.454606143 ± 1.488956065 | -0.20235762 ± 1.136844267 | -0.534531006 ± 1.222443652 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the amygdala region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Amygdala During the Extinction Phase | 0.427054 ± 0.897206 | -0.04668 ± 1.038413 | 0.123645 ± 1.434702 | -0.15423 ± 0.813785 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Insula During the Extinction Phase | 0.286 ± 1.52798 | -0.06139 ± 1.193319 | 0.41607 ± 1.368194 | 0.521877 ± 1.628942 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Extinction Phase | -0.18984 ± 1.50548 | -0.2251 ± 1.234075 | -0.06763 ± 1.456314 | -0.13561 ± 1.157759 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during vicarious extinction (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Extinction Phase | -0.06847 ± 1.290338 | 0.426162 ± 1.254211 | 0.248436 ± 1.286357 | 0.45761 ± 1.544828 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during fear reinstatement, which tests the return of fear (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the amygdala region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Amygdala During the Reinstatement Phase | -0.288669878 ± 1.083123573 | -0.210806049 ± 1.156940846 | -0.384666972 ± 1.408336943 | -0.441281889 ± 1.423147097 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the insula during fear reinstatement, which tests the return of fear (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the insula region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Insula During the Reinstatement Phase | -0.010511119 ± 0.927239751 | -0.396205137 ± 1.282513188 | -0.172611047 ± 1.456173074 | -0.151751057 ± 1.284854554 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the hippocampus during fear reinstatement, which tests the return of fear (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the hippocampus region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Hippocampus During the Reinstatement Phase | -0.414195593 ± 1.11038608 | -0.62547086 ± 1.105693682 | -0.779153039 ± 1.230802297 | -0.348783805 ± 1.556676926 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior cingulate cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests the return of fear (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the anterior cingulate cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase | 0.227684066 ± 1.292814465 | -0.325810809 ± 1.37744721 | 0.034259204 ± 1.627607411 | 0.045481876 ± 0.86287483 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during fear reinstatement, which tests the return of fear (specifically for CS+S versus CS- conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. A lack of difference between these two task conditions is desirable, indicating processing both task conditions as safety cues.
| change in BOLD responses | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+S vs CS- Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase | 0.153279119 ± 0.823471745 | -0.473945639 ± 1.508637505 | -0.40188084 ± 1.336276781 | -0.823944573 ± 0.980841852 |
Change in task-related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during fear reinstatement, which tests for the return of fear (specifically for CS+R (reinforced) versus CS+S (non-reinforced) conditions). Changes in BOLD responses refer to differences in neural responses between these two task conditions, which were extracted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region of interest and estimated using a general linear model. Higher mean responses reflect greater discrimination (better able to distinguish between threat and safety cues) between the task conditions.
| change in BOLD signal | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural Responses in the CS+R vs CS+S Contrast in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex During the Reinstatement Phase | -0.36278 ± 1.330302 | 0.043883 ± 1.046009 | 0.222867 ± 1.302505 | 0.299902 ± 1.268789 |
Collected over From drug administration through the end of the experimental session, an average of 2 hours. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical-Placebo | 0/23 (0%) | 0/23 (0%) | 11/23 (47.8%) |
| Clinical-Oxytocin | 0/28 (0%) | 0/28 (0%) | 17/28 (60.7%) |
| Controls-Placebo | 0/28 (0%) | 0/28 (0%) | 16/28 (57.1%) |
| Controls-Oxytocin | 0/24 (0%) | 0/24 (0%) | 13/24 (54.2%) |
| Event | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal irritation/discomfort, Runny Nose, Irritation in throat, Dry throat and mouthRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | 11/23 | 14/28 | 15/28 | 11/24 |
| Lightheaded, Headache, Tired, Drowsy, SleepyNervous system disorders | 1/23 | 3/28 | 3/28 | 3/24 |
| IrritabilityPsychiatric disorders | 0/23 | 1/28 | 1/28 | 0/24 |
Participants were assigned via blind randomization to receive either oxytocin or placebo administration. One control subject who received placebo withdrew prior to the MRI so we don't have fMRI outcome measures for that participant. We include them in baseline characteristics.
| Age, Continuous(years) | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 22.956522 ± 4.771871 | 24.750000 ± 6.818412 | 25.678571 ± 8.046410 | 24.708333 ± 7.189843 | 24.592233 ± 6.851988 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 13 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 55 |
| Male | 10 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 48 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 5 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 17 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 17 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 83 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized(Participants) | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asian | 10 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 48 |
| Black | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Hispanic | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 11 |
| Middle eastern | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Native | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Native, black | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| White | 7 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 35 |
| Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS)(units on a scale) | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 82.521739 ± 18.247963 | 82.296296 ± 17.065067 | 10.464286 ± 9.073699 | 13.958333 ± 11.888903 | 46.549020 ± 38.096705 |
| Depression Anxiety Stress Scale(units on a scale) | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 45.304348 ± 23.599759 | 32.928571 ± 23.421941 | 4.714286 ± 5.083431 | 9.000000 ± 12.129734 | 22.446602 ± 24.128629 |
| skin conductance responses (SCR) to CS- during Acquisition(microsiemens) | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 0.041761 ± 0.102010 | 0.036862 ± 0.083133 | 0.055211 ± 0.121996 | 0.067057 ± 0.153348 | 0.050110 ± 0.117717 |
| skin conductance responses (SCR) to CS+ during Acquisition(microsiemens) | Clinical-Placebo | Clinical-Oxytocin | Controls-Placebo | Controls-Oxytocin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 0.037599 ± 0.095179 | 0.050484 ± 0.109047 | 0.073121 ± 0.169627 | 0.078206 ± 0.157533 | 0.060565 ± 0.138834 |
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University of Washington