Vitamin and Mineral Absorption From Milk and PBMAs

• BMI of 20.0-40.0 kg/m2, inclusive and a weight ≥ 110 lb. at the screening visit.
• Nonsmokers (Past smokers can be allowed if they have abstinence for minimum of 12 months)
• Judged to be in good health on the basis of the medical history i.e., no clinical evidence of cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal or hepatic disease
• Not taking any medications that would interfere with outcomes of the study, i.e. proton pump inhibitors, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, vitamin D
• Willing to discontinue any multivitamin, vitamin or mineral supplements for three weeks immediately after date of the screening
• Able to provide informed consent
• Able to comply and perform the procedures requested by the protocol (including dietary restrictions, consumption of study treatments, records of food diary and GI tract questionnaire, sample collection procedures and study visit schedule)
• Able to maintain usual physical activity pattern
• Able to avoid vigorous physical activity, caffeine, and alcohol for 24 hours prior to and during study visit

Exclusion Criteria:

• Men and women who smoke or vape (including marijuana)
• Men and women with known or suspected intolerance, allergies or hypersensitivity to study foods or treatments
• Men and women who have blood pressure >160 mmHg (systolic)/100 mmHg (diastolic) at screening visit
• Men and women who have fasting blood glucose concentration >125 mg/dL at screening visit
• Men and women with documented vascular disease, e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, angina, related surgeries, etc. that, in the opinion of the investigator, could interfere with the interpretation of the study results
• Men and women with history of weight loss surgery or intestinal surgery which can impact digestion
• Men and women with osteoporosis
• Men and women diagnosed with chronic constipation, diarrhea or other chronic gastrointestinal complaint (e.g. irritable bowel syndrome)
• Women who are known to be pregnant or who are intending to become pregnant over the course of the study
• Women who are lactating
• Taking medication or dietary supplements that may interfere with the outcomes of the study; e.g.,multivitamin, B complex supplement. Subjects may choose to go off dietary supplements (requires three week washout for multivitamin, three months for vitamin D supplements) before beginning the study.
• Men and women who have participated in prebiotics or laxative trial within 3 months prior to enrollment or any other clinical trial within 1 month
• Men and women who have regularly taken Vitamin D supplements in the past 3 months
• Major trauma or a surgical event within 2 months or longer depending on trauma or event and after consultation with PI.
• Vegan or other extreme dietary regimens (e.g., Atkins diet, etc.) as judged by the investigator.
• Has a known intolerance or sensitivity to any ingredients in the study products
• Has used antibiotics within the previous 2 months
• Had colonoscopy within 3 months
• Has used prebiotics, probiotics, or drugs active on gastrointestinal motility, or a laxative of any class within 1 month
• History of an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating) diagnosed by a health professional
• Substance (alcohol or drug) abuse within the last 2 years
• Excessive coffee and tea consumers (> 4 cups/d)
• Donated blood within last 3 months
• Men and women who do excessive exercise regularly or are an athlete
• Unstable weight: gained or lost weight +/- 5 kg (11 lbs) in previous 2 months
• Women who are taking unstable dose and brand of hormonal contraceptives and/or stable dose and brand less than 6 months
• Unusual working hours i.e., working overnight (e.g. 3rd shift