An observational study in Violence, Adolescent and Firearm Injury, sponsored by University of Michigan. Recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 14 Years to 24 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-08-31.
Sponsored by University of Michigan · Observational
The goal of this study is to help build the evidence base for a locally-relevant youth firearm violence prevention program in Washington D.C., a city experiencing disparities in youth firearm violence outcomes.
The main question it aims to answer is:
How is youth participation in the summer youth employment program, the True Reasons I Grabbed the Gun Evolved from Risk (The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project), which is designed to address root causes of gun violence, associated with individual youth behavioral outcomes, including pro-social involvement, aggression, and firearm-related attitudes and behaviors?
The goal of this study is to help build the evidence base for a locally-relevant youth firearm violence prevention program in a city experiencing disparities in youth firearm violence outcomes. The main question it aims to answer is:
How is youth participation in a summer youth employment program that is designed to address root causes of gun violence (The T.R.I.G.G.E.R project), associated with individual youth behavioral outcomes, including pro-social involvement, retaliatory attitudes, aggression, and firearm behaviors?
To examine this question, participants will be invited to complete four surveys over the course of one year to assess attitudinal and behavioral change:
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Youth in Washington D.C. who are participating in The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project, a grassroots youth firearm violence prevention program
Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Exclusion Criteria:
Youth participants who are enrolled in The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project's summer youth employment program in 2022
Behavioral: The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project
Youth participants who are enrolled in The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project's summer youth employment program in 2023
Behavioral: The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project
Youth participants who are enrolled in The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project's summer youth employment program in 2024
Behavioral: The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project
Youth participants who are enrolled in The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project's summer youth employment program in 2025
Behavioral: The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project
The T.R.I.G.G.E.R Project includes the following core components to address root causes of gun violence: * Summer Employment * Social and Emotional Learning * Future Orientation * Adult and Peer Support * Critical Consciousness * Civic Efficacy and Engagement
Change in Civic Efficacy
The investigators will assess change in civic efficacy (i.e., youth participants' sense of belief that they can create positive change in their communities) over time using the 3-item Civic Efficacy scale; the unit(s) of measurement are the Mean and Standard Deviation of scale scores; Minimum Value: 1 Maximum Value: 5, higher scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: Outcomes will be measured at 4 time points over 1 year: at the start of the summer programs, 2-4 weeks post, 6-months post, and 1-year post participation
Change in Pro-Social Involvement
The investigators will assess change in pro-social involvement (i.e., youth participants' involvement in pro-social community organizations and activities) over time using an 8-item adapted Participation in Groups and Voluntary Organizations scale; the units of measurement are the Mean and Standard Deviation of scale scores; Minimum Value: 0 Maximum Value: 8; higher scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: Outcomes will be measured at 4 time points over 1 year: at the start of the summer programs, 2-4 weeks post, 6-months post, and 1-year post participation
Change in Attitudes towards Violence and Retaliation
The investigators will assess change in youth participants' attitudes toward violence and retaliation over time using a 3-item Retaliatory Attitudes scale; the units of measurement are the Mean and Standard Deviation of scale scores; Minimum Value: 1 Maximum Value: 5; lower scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: Outcomes will be measured at 4 time points over 1 year: at the start of the summer programs, 2-4 weeks post, 6-months post, and 1-year post participation
Change in Aggressive Behavior
The investigators will assess change in non-firearm related aggressive behavior (i.e., fighting, non-firearm weapon carriage) over time using a 3-item Aggressive Behaviors scale; the unit(s) of measurement are the Mean and Standard Deviation of scale scores; Minimum: 0, Maximum: 15, lower scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: Outcomes will be measured at 4 time points over 1 year: at the start of the summer programs, 2-4 weeks post, 6-months post, and 1-year post participation
Change in Firearm Carriage Frequency
The investigators will assess change in the frequency of firearm carriage (for any reason besides hunting, target shooting, competitive shooting, or recreation) over time using 1-item; the unit(s) of measurement are the Mean and Standard Deviation of scale scores; Minimum: 1 Maximum: 7, lower scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: Outcomes will be measured at 4 time points over 1 year: at the start of the summer programs, 2-4 weeks post, 6-months post, and 1-year post participation
Change in Firearm Use
The investigators will assess change in youth participants' firearm use (i.e., handling a gun, firing a gun, holding a gun in a selfie) over time, using a three-item Firearm Use scale; the unit(s) of measurement are the Means and Standard Deviations of scale scores, Minimum: 0 Maximum: 18, lower scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: Outcomes will be measured at 4 time points over 1 year: at the start of the summer programs, 2-4 weeks post, 6-months post, and 1-year post participation
Change in Firearm Aggression
The investigators will assess change in youth participants' firearm aggression (i.e., threatening someone with a gun, firing at or around someone), using a two-item scale adapted from the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale; the unit(s) of measurement are the Means and Standard Deviations of scale scores, Minimum: 0 Maximum: 10, lower scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: Outcomes will be measured at 4 time points over 1 year: at the start of the summer programs, 2-4 weeks post, 6-months post, and 1-year post participation
Plan to share: Yes — The investigators will archive the data collected for this study in the Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention (IFIP) Data Repository so that the data will be connected to a national data resource on firearm injury prevention research. The IFIP repository is housed online at the Inter-University Consortium for Social and Political Research (ICPSR) (https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/facts-open). All data uploaded to the repository will be de-identified, such that all sensitive, identifiable, or potentially identifiable information will be removed from the dataset. At a minimum, each data deposit in the archive will include the data set(s), codebook, data collection instrument, and a summary of the project.
Supporting information: Study protocol
Time frame: All final data collected during the course of this research will be disseminated in a timely manner and as completely and accurately as possible, in accordance with Centers for Disease Control policy. The investigators will make the final version of the collected public health datasets available in a non-proprietary format within 30 months after the end of data collection in September 2026 via the Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention (IFIP) Data Repository portal. All identifiers will be removed from the data prior to dissemination. In compliance with the 1996 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) wherever applicable. The data will be provided in standard file formats accompanied by the necessary documentation to allow for independent analyses. Once deposited, the de-identified data will be publicly available indefinitely.
Access criteria: The de-identified data set(s) will be made publicly available without restrictions
Data sharing details ↗ · www.openicpsr.org
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