A Family-Based Alcohol Preventive Intervention for Latino Emerging Adults

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• Binge Drinking 71
• Health Risk Behaviors 60
• Driving Under the Influence 39
• Unsafe Sex 54

Binge Drinking

71 studies on the registry are indexed under Binge Drinking; 20 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 83 is below the median of 120 across 64 interventional studies indexed under Binge Drinking.

Lead sponsor

University of Oregon is the lead sponsor of 75 studies on the registry; 18 are open to participants now.

Study arms

• Experimental
  EMERGE program

  Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: intervention or control. Intervention participants engaged in a 4 session program named the EMERGE program focused on identity development (emerging adults) or support for emerging adults (parents). Control participants received referrals to community agencies for behavioral and mental health support as needed.

  Behavioral: Latino Emerging Adults (LEA)

• No intervention
  Referral services as needed

  Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: intervention or control. Control participants received services as usual.

Interventions

• BehavioralLatino Emerging Adults (LEA)

  The LEA program involves two components, one for emerging adults (aged 18-23 years old) focused on identity development linked to cultural and familial strengths, and a parent component focused on support for emerging adult children. Each session is 4 sessions.

Primary outcomes

1. Emerging Adult Self-Efficacy

   The Latino Emerging Adult (LEA) Self-Efficacy scale was designed to appraise Latino emerging adults' healthy identity formation and healthy behaviors. Participating emerging adults self-administered this online assessment twice during the study--at baseline, pre-intervention, and 3-4 months post-intervention. The scale includes 14 items (e.g., I feel confident that I can successfully tackle the challenges of becoming an adult; I draw on strengths from my family's cultural background to help me deal with the stress of becoming an adult; I use healthy activities to deal with stress; Mentors \[parents or other trusted adults\] are important in the life success of emerging adults). Answer choices include: 1-Strongly disagree; 2-Disagree; 3-Agree; 4-Strongly Agree. Higher scores indicate higher emerging adult self-efficacy. The Cronbach's alpha was .78. (Citation: Center for Equity Promotion. \[2019\]. Latino Emerging Adult Self-Efficacy scale. University of Oregon.)

   Time frame: 3-4 months

2. Parent-Emerging Adult Relationship Quality

   The Latino Emerging Adult (LEA) Parent-Emerging Adult Relationship Quality scale was designed by the research team. Participating emerging adults self-administered this online computer-based survey twice during the study--at baseline and approximately 3-4 months later, after the completion of the intervention program. The scale includes 6 items (e.g., Even though my parent can be annoying, I know that she/he is my best supporter; Even when I think that my parent is wrong, I understand where she/he is coming from). Answer choices include: 0-Not at all true; 1-Not really true; 2-Somewhat true; 3-Very true. Higher scores equal higher quality relationships as reported by emerging adults. The Cronbach's alpha was .82. (Citation: Center for Equity Promotion. \[2019\]. Latino Emerging Adult Parent-Emerging Adult Relationship Quality scale. University of Oregon.)

   Time frame: 3-4 months

3. Parent Trust in Emerging Adult Decision-Making

   The Latino Emerging Adult (LEA) Parent Trust in Emerging Adult Decision-Making scale was designed by the research team. Participating parents self-administered this online computer-based survey twice during the study--at baseline and approximately 3-4 months later, after the completion of the intervention program. The scale includes 6 items (e.g., I am confident that my emerging adult child will make the right choices in life; I'm afraid that my emerging adult child will not be able to figure out what to do in life; My emerging adult child knows what to do when s/he needs to make an important life decision). Answer choices include: 0-Not at all true; 1-Not really true; 2-Somewhat true; 3-Very true. Higher scores indicate higher parent-reported trust in emerging adult children's decision-making. The Cronbach's alpha was .77. (Citation: Center for Equity Promotion. \[2019\]. Latino Emerging Adult (LEA) Parent Trust in Emerging Adult Decision-Making scale. University of Oregon.)

   Time frame: 3-4 months

4. Parent support

   The Latino Emerging Adult (LEA) Parent Support scale was designed by the research team. Participating parents self-administered this online computer-based survey twice during the study--at baseline and approximately 3-4 months later, after the completion of the intervention program. The scale includes 8 items (e.g., Even if \[child's name\] doesn't listen to me one time, I still know that I can get through to him/her the next time; \[child's name\] comes to me and talks to me about important issues in his/her life; I generally know how to connect with or reach out to \[child's name\] when they need my support). Answer choices include: 1-Strongly disagree; 2-Disagree; 3-Agree; 4-Strongly Agree. Higher scores indicate higher parent support. The Cronbach's alpha was .82. (Citation: Center for Equity Promotion. \[2019\]. Latino Emerging Adult (LEA) Parent Support scale. University of Oregon.)

   Time frame: 3-4 months

5. Emerging adult alcohol consumption

   Three items from the University of Michigan's Monitoring the Future survey were used to appraise alcohol use (Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., \& Miech, R. A. (2015). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2014: Volume II, college students and adults ages 19-55.). Items include: 1. Have ever tried even a few sips of alcohol? Yes No (if no, skip to #3) 2. If YES: How old were you when you first tried at least a few sips of alcohol? _____ years old 3. During the last 3 months, what was the HIGHEST number of drinks that you drank in a single day?

   Time frame: 3-4 months

6. Drinking-related risk behaviors

   Twelve items from the Monitoring the Future survey were used (Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., \& Miech, R. A. (2015). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2014: Volume II, college students and adults ages 19-55). Exemplar items include: During the last 3 months, about how many days did you drink until it affected your ability to make decisions?; How many times in the last 3 months did you use other drugs after you had been drinking?; and, In the past 3 months, how many times did you ride in a car when you knew the driver was drunk or high?

   Time frame: 3-4 months

7. Drinking-related harm reduction behaviors

   The Latino Emerging Adult (LEA) Drinking-related Harm Reduction Behaviors scale was designed by the research team. Participating emerging adults self-administered this online survey twice during the study--at baseline and approximately 3-4 months later, after the completion of the intervention program. The scale includes 13 items (e.g., If one of my friends is really drunk, I make sure that person is safe; If I have been drinking too much I feel comfortable finding a ride home with a sober driver or finding a place to sleep; In my group of friends, if someone has been drinking too much we make sure that he/she doesn't drive). Answer choices include: 1-Strongly disagree; 2-Disagree; 3-Agree; 4-Strongly Agree. Higher scores indicate EAs practice more alcohol-related harm-reducing behaviors. The Cronbach's alpha was .93. (Citation: Center for Equity Promotion. \[2019\]. Latino Emerging Adult (LEA) Drinking-related Harm Reduction Behaviors scale. University of Oregon.)

   Time frame: 3-4 months

8. Emerging adult perceived stress

   Emerging adult participants respond in an online survey to the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10; Cohen, S. and Williamson, G. \[1988\]. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan \& S. Oskamp \[Eds.\] The social psychology of health \[pp. 31-67\]. Sage Publications, Inc.). Answer choices range from Never = 0 to Very often = 4. Responses are summed with higher sum scores reflecting higher perceived stress. The Cronbach's alpha for emerging adults in this study was .82.

   Time frame: 3-4 months

9. Parent perceived stress

   Parent participants respond in an online survey to the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10; Cohen, S. and Williamson, G. \[1988\]. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan \& S. Oskamp \[Eds.\] The social psychology of health \[pp. 31-67\]. Sage Publications, Inc.). Answer choices range from Never = 0 to Very often = 4. Responses are summed with higher sum scores reflecting higher perceived stress.

   Time frame: 3-4 months

10. Bicultural identity integration

    Sixteen items from the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-2) were used to capture variation in emerging adults' experiences of acculturation. (Huynh, Q. L., Benet-Martínez, V., \& Nguyen, A. M. D. \[2018\]. Measuring variations in bicultural identity across US ethnic and generational groups: Development and validation of the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale-Version 2 \[BIIS-2\]. Psychological Assessment, 30\[12\], 1581.). Exemplar items include: I feel part of a combined culture that is a mixture of Hispanic/Latino and American; I find it difficult to combine Hispanic/Latino and American cultures; I do not blend my Hispanic/Latino and American cultures. Answer choices range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree). The scale taps cultural blendedness versus compartmentalization and cultural harmony versus conflict, and final scores are averages.

    Time frame: 3-4 months

11. Emerging adult future orientation

    Ten items from the Steinberg et al. Future Orientation Scale were used (Steinberg L, Graham S, O'Brien L, Woolard J, Cauffman E, Banich M. \[2009\]. Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child Development. Jan-Feb;80\[1\]:28-44.) The 10 items include question numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15 across 4 sub-scales including Planning Ahead, Time Perspective, Anticipation of Future Consequences, and Anticipation of Future Consequences. All items are scored left to right on a scale of 1-4. Reverse score items 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, and 14, so that higher scores indicate a stronger future orientation.

    Time frame: 3-4 months

12. Parent hope for emerging adult child's future

    This 12 item scale appraises parents' hopes for their emerging adult children's future. Answer options range from 0-Not at all true to 3-Very true. Exemplar items include: It's important to me that (my child) continues her/his education after high school; It's important to me that (my child) graduates from college; I know what (my child's) goals are for her/his future; and I help (my child) make plans and take steps towards her/his goals for the future. Citation: Center for Equity Promotion. \[2019\]. Latino Emerging Adult (LEA) Parent Hope for Emerging Adult Future scale. University of Oregon.)

    Time frame: 3-4 months

13. American identity integration

    Seven items were used from the American Identity Measure (Schwartz et al \[2012\]. The American Identity Measure: Development and validation across ethnic subgroup and immigrant generation. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 12\[2\], 93-128.). Exemplar items include: I am happy that I am an American; I have a strong sense of belonging to the United States. Answer choices range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree). Higher scores indicate higher American identity affirmation.

    Time frame: 3-4 months

Secondary outcomes

1. Emerging adult acculturative stress

   Items from the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory for Adults of Mexican Origin (MASI) were used (Rodriguez et al. \[2002\]. Development of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory for Adults of Mexican Origin. Psychological Assessment, 14\[4\], 451-461.) The MASI is a 36-item stress measure that assesses acculturative stress among persons of Mexican origin living in the United States;10 items were selected that are part of factor 3: pressure to acculturate, and factor 4: pressure against acculturation. Response options begin with a stem: Has this occurred in the last 3 months? Yes or no. If yes, how worrying/stressful has this been? Follow-up response options range from 1-Not at all worrying/stressful to 5-Extremely worrying/stressful. Final scores reflect incidence of stress exposure (sum of "yes" stem responses) and stress responsiveness (average of follow-up stressfulness scores).

   Time frame: 3-4 months

2. Parent acculturative stress

   Items from the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory for Adults of Mexican Origin (MASI) were used (Rodriguez et al. \[2002\]. Development of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory for Adults of Mexican Origin. Psychological Assessment, 14\[4\], 451-461.) The MASI is a 36-item stress measure that assesses acculturative stress among persons of Mexican origin living in the United States;10 items were selected that are part of factor 3: pressure to acculturate, and factor 4: pressure against acculturation. Response options begin with a stem: Has this occurred in the last 3 months? Yes or no. If yes, how worrying/stressful has this been? Follow-up response options range from 1-Not at all worrying/stressful to 5-Extremely worrying/stressful. Final scores reflect incidence of stress exposure (sum of "yes" stem responses) and stress responsiveness (average of follow-up stressfulness scores).

   Time frame: 3-4 months

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes — A de-identified data set is available to other researchers and can be accessed through contacting either study PI.

Supporting information: Study protocol, Informed consent form

Time frame: Data will be available by January 2022 and available indefinitely.

Access criteria: Researchers interested in accessing the data must share their contact information with PIs.