An interventional study of Questionnaires and MRI in Social Stress and Adolescent Behavior, sponsored by University of Minnesota. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 11 Years to 14 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-03-30.
Sponsored by University of Minnesota · Not applicable, Interventional, and Basic science
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the mechanisms through which parental buffering of stress physiology in response to social evaluative threat diminishes with pubertal development and whether this diminution of effectiveness extends to social buffering by peers (best friends) and/or other unfamiliar social partners (e.g., experimenters).
On visit one, the participant will 1) be seen by a nurse who will complete a pubertal assessment exam, 2) complete questionnaires, including ones on pubertal development, screening for MRI safety, and quality of relations with parents and friends. The participant will also have a chance to experience a simulated MRI in order to determine whether they will be comfortable in an actual MRI.
Within 2 weeks the participant will return to the University where undergo the following protocol. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions that differ by who is with them in the scanner room: Primary Parent, Close Friend, Experimenter, No Social Partner. (N=50 per condition, 25 male, 25 female).
Once at the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, participants and the individual who will be with the participant in the scanning room will undergo an MRI safety screening (the repeat of what the investigators completed over the phone). Girls will be shown to a changing room where the investigators will privately question them about any possibility of pregnancy. Participants will be shown into the scanning control room and one more safety check will be performed before they enter the scanner room and the scanner. If they are in one of the social buffering conditions, the social buffering partner will also enter the scanning room and will sit to the side of the scanner.
The scanning bed will then be moved into the barrel of the MRI machine. The participant will be wearing head phones to protect his/her hearing and to receive instructions from the control room. The participant will also be able to see two judges and hear the judges instructions when the participant is in the scanning control room. The participant will then complete a variant or the Trier Social Stress Test, a social evaluative stressor, which produces elevations in heart rate and cortisol.
When saliva is collected, the scanning bed is withdrawn from the barrel of the MRI machine and the participant will be able to see and briefly interact with the social partner while saliva is sampled for steroid collection. Once the scan is over the participant will return to a waiting area and complete additional questionnaires, provide additional saliva samples, and another urine sample.
305 studies on the registry are indexed under Adolescent Behavior; 47 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 208 is above the median of 172 across 256 interventional studies indexed under Adolescent Behavior.
Browse Adolescent Behavior studies →University of Minnesota is the lead sponsor of 1,216 studies on the registry; 197 are open to participants now.
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Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Exclusion Criteria:
Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Anti-inflammatory medicines such as prednisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone — not the anabolic steroids used for muscle.
Studies differ in what they allow: check which steroid medicines, routes (tablets, injections, creams, inhalers, eye drops) and doses this study accepts.
A reason a treatment, test or procedure should not be given to a particular person, such as an allergy, another illness or a medicine they take.
Corticosteroids (steroids)
Anti-inflammatory medicines such as prednisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone — not the anabolic steroids used for muscle.
Studies differ in what they allow: check which steroid medicines, routes (tablets, injections, creams, inhalers, eye drops) and doses this study accepts.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Contraindication
A reason a treatment, test or procedure should not be given to a particular person, such as an allergy, another illness or a medicine they take.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner.
Other: Questionnaires · Other: MRI
Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner.
Other: Questionnaires · Other: MRI
Participants will be randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions that differ by who is with them in the MRI scanner room: Primary Parent, Experimenter, No Social Partner.
Other: Questionnaires · Other: MRI
The participant will complete questionnaires, including ones on pubertal development and quality of relations with parents and friends.
Within 2 weeks of the first study visit, the participant will return to the University where they will undergo MRI.
Change in Cortisol AUCi
Area under the curve from initial (baseline) will be calculated and used in the analyses. Description = 9 saliva samples are collected during the course of the assessment. These samples are collected at (1) arrival for training purposes; T=0, (2) scan preparation; T=35 minutes, (3) entering scanner; T=55 minutes, (4) pre-TSST; T=75 minutes, (5) post-TSST; T=100 minutes, (6) pre-math alone; T=110 minutes, (7) post-math alone; T=120 minutes, (8) exiting scanner; T=130 minutes, (9) departure; T=140 minutes. Area under the curve at intercept (AUCi) is calculated using samples 2-7 with sample 2 as the intercept.
Time frame: 2 hours, approx
Change Heart Rate Response
Heart rate will be derived from the EKG signal collected during periods of stress (social evaluation) and non-stress (no evaluation) during the course of the assessment. The variable, heart rate response, is a numeric output (reported in beats per minutes) from validated software (BIOPAC) which is calculated using a regression algorithm. The outcome measure will be reported as the difference between heart rate response during the period of stress and period of non-stress.
Time frame: 2 hours
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone)
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas anterior cingulate cortex thresholded at 50% confidence and dorsal to the genu of the corpus callosum.
Time frame: 2 hours
Left Anterior Insula: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone)
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the left anterior insula between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas left insula thresholded at 50% confidence and anterior to the region's midpoint.
Time frame: 2 hours
Right Anterior Insula: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone)
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the right anterior insula between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas right insula thresholded at 50% confidence and anterior to the region's midpoint.
Time frame: 2 hours
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone)
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the combination of Harvard-Oxford brain atlas frontal pole, frontal medial cortex, and subcallosal cortex thresholded at 50% confidence and ventral to the genu of the corpus callosum and medial to the lateral edges of the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas frontal medial cortex.
Time frame: 2 hours
Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone)
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left dlPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas left middle frontal gyrus thresholded at 50% confidence.
Time frame: 2 hours
Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone)
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right dlPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas right middle frontal gyrus thresholded at 50% confidence.
Time frame: 2 hours
Amygdala-vmPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest)
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the bilateral amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
Time frame: 2 hours
Amygdala-left dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest)
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
Time frame: 2 hours
Amygdala-right dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest)
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
Time frame: 2 hours
Hypothalamus-vmPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest)
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
Time frame: 2 hours
Hypothalamus-left dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech vs. Rest)
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
Time frame: 2 hours
Hypothalamus-right dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech vs. Rest)
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
Time frame: 2 hours
Change in Salivary Alpha Amylase, AUCi
salivary Alpha Amylase is used to index autonomic/sympathetic function. 9 saliva samples are collected during the course of the assessment. These samples are collected at (1) arrival; T=0, (2) scan preparation; T=35 minutes, (3) entering scanner; T=55 minutes, (4) pre-TSST; T=75 minutes, (5) post-TSST; T=100 minutes, (6) pre-math alone; T=110 minutes, (7) post-math alone; T=120 minutes, (8) exiting scanner; T=130 minutes, (9) departure; T=140 minutes. 4 samples (3-6) are assayed for salivary alpha amylase in micrograms per milliliter (sAA). Area under the curve at intercept (AUCi) is calculated using samples 3-6 with sample 3 as the intercept.
Time frame: 2 hours
Self Report of Stress
Self-report of stress using a Likert-type scale with 5 levels of stress felt: (1) Not At All, (2) A Little, (3) Some, (4) A Lot, (5) A Whole Lot. Level of stress was reported for 4 points during the assessment: (1) How stressed did you feel when you first arrived at the University and we were walking into the building, (2) How stressful was the period of time when you were preparing your speech and thinking about what to say?, (3) How stressful was giving the speech?, (4) How stressful was the math with judges?. Mean Stress reactivity was calculated as the mean of (2, 3, 4) minus the value at arrival (1).
Time frame: 2 hours
Peer Acceptance/Rejection
Scale on the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire, Potential Covariate, 5pt Scale (1-5), High Scores Indicate Peer Acceptance
Time frame: Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes
Behavioral Inhibition
Scale on the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate, 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate inhibition
Time frame: Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes
Internalizing Symptoms
Higher Order Measure From the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate Internalizing
Time frame: Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes
Externalizing Symptoms
Higher Order Measure From the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate externalizing
Time frame: Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes
Time Since Awakening
Participants self-report the clock time that they woke up on the day of the assessment, and the clock time when the imaging test was done. The difference between these times was calculated and reported in hours. This is only a potential covariate for cortisol, which follows a circadian rhythm.
Time frame: reported at the beginning of the 2 hour session
Pretax Family Income. Potential Covariate
Parents report on gross family income on an 11-point ordinal scale: (1) Less than $15,000, (2) $15,001 to $25,000, (3) $25,001 to $35,000, (4) $35,001 to $50,000, (5) $50,001 to $75,000, (6) $75,001 to $100,000, (7) $100,001 to $125,000, (8) $125,001 to $150,000, (9) $150,001 to $175,000, (10) $175,001 to 200,000, (11) $200,001 or more.
Time frame: Parent report, collected over 30 minutes
Parental Average Education Level. Potential Covariate
Parents report education level for both parents on a 6-point ordinal scale: (1) Less than high school degree, (2) High school or GED, (3) Associate degree, college academia program, (4) Bachelor's degree, (5) Master's degree, (6) Professional and/or Doctorate degree. Average of parents' education is calculated and reported.
Time frame: Parent report, collected over 30 minutes
Caffeine or Nicotine Within 1 Hour of Testing. Potential Covariate
Youth report on whether they consumed caffeine or nicotine in the 1-2 hours prior to the assessment. Coded as no=0, yes=1. Used as a potential covariate for heart rate and neuroendocrine measures.
Time frame: Youth report, at start of 2 hour session
Granger Score
The Granger score (ordinal, modeled continuously) is a score based on work by Doug Granger of medications that can affect activity of the HPA axis, weighted by significance of potential impact (Granger, Hibel, Fortunato, \& Kapelewski, 2009). Each medication taken is given a score of 0, 1, or 2, and all medication scores for a participant is summed, resulting in scores from 0 to infinity. Lower scores are less likely to influence cortisol. Potential Covariate
Time frame: Youth report at the beginning of the 2 hour session
Quality of Relationship With Primary Parent, BSV Positive Attachment Scale
Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI) reported by youth for their primary parent on how much they experience various emotions or incidents (e.g. How much free time do you spend with this person?), reported on a 5-point scale: (1) Little or None, (2) Somewhat, (3) Very Much, (4) Extremely Much, (5) The Most. Mean scores calculated from all positive attachment items, range 1-5. Potential Covariate.
Time frame: Youth report, collected over course of 30 minutes
Quality of Relationship With Close Friend, BSV Positive Attachment Scale
Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI) reported by youth for their close friend on how much they experience various emotions or incidents (e.g. How much free time do you spend with this person?), reported on a 5-point scale: (1) Little or None, (2) Somewhat, (3) Very Much, (4) Extremely Much, (5) The Most. Mean scores calculated from all positive attachment items, ranging 1-5. Potential Covariate.
Time frame: Youth reported, collected over course of 30 minutes
| Milestone | Primary Parent | Experimenter | No Social Partner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Started | 72 | 64 | 72 |
| Completed | 65 | 56 | 67 |
| Not completed | 7 | 8 | 5 |
Area under the curve from initial (baseline) will be calculated and used in the analyses. Description = 9 saliva samples are collected during the course of the assessment. These samples are collected at (1) arrival for training purposes; T=0, (2) scan preparation; T=35 minutes, (3) entering scanner; T=55 minutes, (4) pre-TSST; T=75 minutes, (5) post-TSST; T=100 minutes, (6) pre-math alone; T=110 minutes, (7) post-math alone; T=120 minutes, (8) exiting scanner; T=130 minutes, (9) departure; T=140 minutes. Area under the curve at intercept (AUCi) is calculated using samples 2-7 with sample 2 as the intercept.
| (ug/dl)*minutes | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Change in Cortisol AUCi | -0.04 ± 0.29 | 0.02 ± 0.12 | -0.01 ± 0.06 |
Heart rate will be derived from the EKG signal collected during periods of stress (social evaluation) and non-stress (no evaluation) during the course of the assessment. The variable, heart rate response, is a numeric output (reported in beats per minutes) from validated software (BIOPAC) which is calculated using a regression algorithm. The outcome measure will be reported as the difference between heart rate response during the period of stress and period of non-stress.
| beats per minute | Primary Parent | Experimenter | No Social Partner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Change Heart Rate Response | 6.09 ± 4.60 | 4.82 ± 11.07 | 4.18 ± 5.15 |
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas anterior cingulate cortex thresholded at 50% confidence and dorsal to the genu of the corpus callosum.
| % change in BOLD signal | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dorsal Anterior Cingulate: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | 0.07369 ± 0.04541 | 0.09059 ± 0.04055 | 0.1669 ± 0.05167 |
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the left anterior insula between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas left insula thresholded at 50% confidence and anterior to the region's midpoint.
| % change in BOLD signal | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Left Anterior Insula: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | 0.06186 ± 0.02908 | 0.0807 ± 0.04315 | 0.1336 ± 0.02638 |
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the right anterior insula between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas right insula thresholded at 50% confidence and anterior to the region's midpoint.
| % change in BOLD signal | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Right Anterior Insula: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | 0.02742 ± 0.04186 | 0.05733 ± 0.03973 | 0.09256 ± 0.04243 |
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the combination of Harvard-Oxford brain atlas frontal pole, frontal medial cortex, and subcallosal cortex thresholded at 50% confidence and ventral to the genu of the corpus callosum and medial to the lateral edges of the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas frontal medial cortex.
| % change in BOLD signal | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | 0.02742 ± 0.04186 | 0.05733 ± 0.03973 | 0.09256 ± 0.04243 |
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left dlPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas left middle frontal gyrus thresholded at 50% confidence.
| % change in BOLD signal | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | 0.11 ± 0.03105 | 0.08843 ± 0.04333 | 0.1492 ± 0.06621 |
The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right dlPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas right middle frontal gyrus thresholded at 50% confidence.
| % change in BOLD signal | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Task-related Brain Activity (Judged Math vs. Math Alone) | 0.05686 ± 0.04326 | 0.06929 ± 0.03735 | 0.1659 ± 0.04624 |
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the bilateral amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
| difference in r-correlation coefficient | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amygdala-vmPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | 0.0225 ± 0.1774 | -0.0180 ± 0.1709 | 0.0131 ± 0.2193 |
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
| difference in r-correlation coefficient | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amygdala-left dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | 0.0332 ± 0.2236 | -0.0492 ± 0.1994 | -0.0263 ± 0.2150 |
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
| difference in r-correlation coefficient | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amygdala-right dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | 0.0548 ± 0.1983 | 0.0716 ± 0.2268 | 0.1069 ± 0.2095 |
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
| difference in r-correlation coefficient | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothalamus-vmPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech Prep vs. Rest) | 0.0079 ± 0.1514 | 0.0424 ± 0.1779 | 0.0416 ± 0.2032 |
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
| difference in r-correlation coefficient | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothalamus-left dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech vs. Rest) | 0.0269 ± 0.1390 | -0.0068 ± 0.1555 | 0.0010 ± 0.1571 |
For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.
| difference in r-correlation coefficient | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothalamus-right dlPFC Connectivity: fMRI Functional Connectivity (Speech vs. Rest) | -0.0318 ± 0.1179 | 0.0109 ± 0.1585 | 0.0058 ± 0.1425 |
salivary Alpha Amylase is used to index autonomic/sympathetic function. 9 saliva samples are collected during the course of the assessment. These samples are collected at (1) arrival; T=0, (2) scan preparation; T=35 minutes, (3) entering scanner; T=55 minutes, (4) pre-TSST; T=75 minutes, (5) post-TSST; T=100 minutes, (6) pre-math alone; T=110 minutes, (7) post-math alone; T=120 minutes, (8) exiting scanner; T=130 minutes, (9) departure; T=140 minutes. 4 samples (3-6) are assayed for salivary alpha amylase in micrograms per milliliter (sAA). Area under the curve at intercept (AUCi) is calculated using samples 3-6 with sample 3 as the intercept.
| (micrograms per milliliter) * minutes | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Change in Salivary Alpha Amylase, AUCi | 4.77 ± 23.26 | 6.76 ± 19.94 | 6.32 ± 41.1 |
Self-report of stress using a Likert-type scale with 5 levels of stress felt: (1) Not At All, (2) A Little, (3) Some, (4) A Lot, (5) A Whole Lot. Level of stress was reported for 4 points during the assessment: (1) How stressed did you feel when you first arrived at the University and we were walking into the building, (2) How stressful was the period of time when you were preparing your speech and thinking about what to say?, (3) How stressful was giving the speech?, (4) How stressful was the math with judges?. Mean Stress reactivity was calculated as the mean of (2, 3, 4) minus the value at arrival (1).
| score on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self Report of Stress | 1.74 ± 1.04 | 1.5 ± 1.15 | 1.81 ± 0.92 |
Scale on the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire, Potential Covariate, 5pt Scale (1-5), High Scores Indicate Peer Acceptance
| score on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer Acceptance/Rejection | 3.55 ± 0.42 | 3.54 ± 0.41 | 3.51 ± 0.43 |
Scale on the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate, 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate inhibition
| score on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral Inhibition | 0.64 ± 0.59 | 0.7 ± 0.51 | 0.69 ± 0.54 |
Higher Order Measure From the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate Internalizing
| score on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Internalizing Symptoms | 0.24 ± 0.18 | 0.24 ± 0.2 | 0.25 ± 0.2 |
Higher Order Measure From the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate externalizing
| score on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Externalizing Symptoms | 0.13 ± 0.11 | 0.12 ± 0.11 | 0.07 ± 0.08 |
Participants self-report the clock time that they woke up on the day of the assessment, and the clock time when the imaging test was done. The difference between these times was calculated and reported in hours. This is only a potential covariate for cortisol, which follows a circadian rhythm.
| hours | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time Since Awakening | 7.92 ± 2.03 | 8.15 ± 2.04 | 8.58 ± 1.79 |
Parents report on gross family income on an 11-point ordinal scale: (1) Less than $15,000, (2) $15,001 to $25,000, (3) $25,001 to $35,000, (4) $35,001 to $50,000, (5) $50,001 to $75,000, (6) $75,001 to $100,000, (7) $100,001 to $125,000, (8) $125,001 to $150,000, (9) $150,001 to $175,000, (10) $175,001 to 200,000, (11) $200,001 or more.
| scores on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pretax Family Income. Potential Covariate | 9 ± 2.1 | 8 ± 2.2 | 8 ± 2.1 |
Parents report education level for both parents on a 6-point ordinal scale: (1) Less than high school degree, (2) High school or GED, (3) Associate degree, college academia program, (4) Bachelor's degree, (5) Master's degree, (6) Professional and/or Doctorate degree. Average of parents' education is calculated and reported.
| scores on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parental Average Education Level. Potential Covariate | 4.5 ± 0.69 | 4.5 ± 0.83 | 4.5 ± 0.86 |
Youth report on whether they consumed caffeine or nicotine in the 1-2 hours prior to the assessment. Coded as no=0, yes=1. Used as a potential covariate for heart rate and neuroendocrine measures.
| score on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeine or Nicotine Within 1 Hour of Testing. Potential Covariate | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
The Granger score (ordinal, modeled continuously) is a score based on work by Doug Granger of medications that can affect activity of the HPA axis, weighted by significance of potential impact (Granger, Hibel, Fortunato, \& Kapelewski, 2009). Each medication taken is given a score of 0, 1, or 2, and all medication scores for a participant is summed, resulting in scores from 0 to infinity. Lower scores are less likely to influence cortisol. Potential Covariate
| score on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Granger Score | 0.03 ± 0.25 | 0.19 ± 0.59 | 0.11 ± 0.41 |
Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI) reported by youth for their primary parent on how much they experience various emotions or incidents (e.g. How much free time do you spend with this person?), reported on a 5-point scale: (1) Little or None, (2) Somewhat, (3) Very Much, (4) Extremely Much, (5) The Most. Mean scores calculated from all positive attachment items, range 1-5. Potential Covariate.
| scores on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quality of Relationship With Primary Parent, BSV Positive Attachment Scale | 3.25 ± 0.69 | 3.12 ± 0.78 | 3.15 ± 0.74 |
Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI) reported by youth for their close friend on how much they experience various emotions or incidents (e.g. How much free time do you spend with this person?), reported on a 5-point scale: (1) Little or None, (2) Somewhat, (3) Very Much, (4) Extremely Much, (5) The Most. Mean scores calculated from all positive attachment items, ranging 1-5. Potential Covariate.
| scores on a scale | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quality of Relationship With Close Friend, BSV Positive Attachment Scale | 3.36 ± 0.7 | 3.37 ± 0.75 | 3.43 ± 0.66 |
Collected over 1 DAY. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| No Social Partner | 0/72 (0%) | 0/72 (0%) | 0/72 (0%) |
| Primary Parent | 0/72 (0%) | 0/72 (0%) | 0/72 (0%) |
| Experimenter | 0/64 (0%) | 0/64 (0%) | 0/64 (0%) |
| Age, Categorical(Participants) | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <=18 years | 67 | 65 | 56 | 188 |
| Between 18 and 65 years | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| >=65 years | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Age, Continuous(years) | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 13.04 ± 1.05 | 12.95 ± 1 | 12.89 ± 1.10 | 12.96 ± 1.05 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 34 | 34 | 31 | 99 |
| Male | 33 | 31 | 25 | 89 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | No Social Partner | Primary Parent | Experimenter | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Asian | 3 | 3 | 5 | 11 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black or African American | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| White | 58 | 55 | 47 | 160 |
| More than one race | 6 | 6 | 3 | 15 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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