An interventional study of Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Healthy, sponsored by University of Minnesota. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 60 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2024-08-07.
Sponsored by University of Minnesota · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
Non-invasive neuromodulation, such as transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS) , is emerging as an important therapeutic tool with documented effects on brain circuitry, yet little is understood about h ow it changes cognition. In particular, tDCS may have a critical role to play in generalization, that is how training in one domain generalizes to unlearned or unpracticed domains. This problem has resonance for disorders with cognitive deficits, such as schizophrenia.
Understanding how tDCS affects brain circuity is critical to the design and application of effective interventions, especially if the effects are different for healthy vs. psychiatric populations. In previous research, one clue to the mechanism underlying increased learning and generalization with tDCS was provided by neuroimaging data from subjects with schizophrenia undergoing cognitive training where increases in thalamocortical (prefrontal) functional connectivity (FC) predicted greater generalization.
The premise of this proposal is that increases in thalamocortical FC are associated with the generalization of cognitive training, and tDCS facilitates these increases. The overarching goals of this proposal are to deploy neuroimaging and cognitive testing to understand how tDCS with cognitive training affect thalamocortical circuitry in individuals with and without psychosis and to examine variability in response within both groups.
Study 1 will compare right prefrontal, left prefrontal and sham tDCS during concurrent cognitive training over 12 weeks in 90 healthy controls. Study 2 (NCT03896438) will be similar in all aspects but will examine 90 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and include clinical assessments. Results of the study will provide crucial information about location of stimulation, length of treatment, modeled dosage, trajectory and durability needed to guide future research and interventions for cognitive impairments.
University of Minnesota is the lead sponsor of 1,184 studies on the registry; 195 are open to participants now.
Of its 132 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 91 (69%) have results posted.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Exclusion Criteria:
2-3 times/week for 12 weeks: ramp-up for 30 seconds, 2mA right (AF4 anode - AF3 cathode) for 20 min, and then ramp-down for 30 seconds.
Device: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
2-3 times/week for 12 weeks: ramp-up for 30 seconds, 2mA left (AF3 anode - AF4 cathode) for 20 min, and then ramp-down for 30 seconds.
Device: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Current will be turned off immediately after the initial 30-second ramp-up period.
Device: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Three different stimulation montages will be programmed: right, left and sham. During the Ramp periods, 2 mA current will be delivered to both AF3 and AF4 with an ascending (RampUp) and descending ramp (RampDown) over 30 sec via two saline soaked electrode sponges (\~ 25cm²; current density = 0.08 mA/cm²). In this way, all subjects experience the same sensation on both sides to blind them to condition. During the Constant period, current will be set based on the Condition: Right - 2mA AF4 anode-AF3 cathode; Left - 2mA applied to AF3 anode-AF4 cathode; Sham - current turned off.
Changes in Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (FC)
Most participants completed MRI sessions on a 3T scanner located in the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) at the University of Minnesota. FC measures how different brain regions change in activation together. We characterized FC using global connectivity from graph theory analysis. We extracted the fMRI time courses from 454 parcellations defined by the 400 S4 Schaefer Atlas (Schaefer et al., 2018) combined with the Melbourne Subcortex Atlas (Tian et al., 2020). We computed the absolute value of the Pearson's correlation for all possible pairs of time series, creating a 454x454 (N x N) connectivity matrix, which was then reduced to 10% most significant connections by subject. We estimated the FC by calculating the node strength for each parcellation, which is the weighted mean of all significant connections, from these connectivity matrices. Finally, we averaged node strength across parcellations to calculate global node strength. Higher values indicate more brain-wide FC.
Time frame: baseline
Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the N-back Task.
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the N-back task was calculated by modeling the block task design together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. The primary analysis focused on the 2-back conditions alone. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during 2-back trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the 2-back choices. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
Time frame: baseline
Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the DPX Task.
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task demands will be identified by analyzing cue and probe events together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. We examined B-cue related connectivity. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during B-cue trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the B-cue responses. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
Time frame: baseline
D-prime Score
The n-back task measures working memory capacity. The participant is presented with a series of stimuli and instructed to indicate with a button press when the current stimulus matches the stimulus that appeared a pre-determined number (n) of trials before. d' (d prime) will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of hits to false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' signifies improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
Time frame: baseline
D-prime Score
The Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task is an adaptation of the expectancy AX task that uses pairs of simple dot patterns rather than letter pairs as stimuli. The DPX task will be performed in 3 blocks. Each trial consists of a cue dot pattern followed by a probe dot pattern. Different combinations of cues and probes enable the identification of a specific deficit in a subject's ability to maintain goal-relevant information throughout a trial. Timing will be jittered and each block of the DPX task will consist of 40 trials: 24 AX (60%), 6 AY (15%), 6 BX (15%) and 4 BY (10%). Each block will last 6 minutes. d'-context will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of AX hits to BX false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' -context signified improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
Time frame: baseline
Changes in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score
Intends to provide a relatively brief evaluation of key cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia and related disorders. The composite score is reported as a T-score, with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher values indicate greater cognitive functioning.
Time frame: baseline
Changes in Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (FC)
Most participants completed MRI sessions on a 3T scanner located in the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) at the University of Minnesota. FC measures how different brain regions change in activation together. We characterized FC using global connectivity from graph theory analysis. We extracted the fMRI time courses from 454 parcellations defined by the 400 S4 Schaefer Atlas (Schaefer et al., 2018) combined with the Melbourne Subcortex Atlas (Tian et al., 2020). We computed the absolute value of the Pearson's correlation for all possible pairs of time series, creating a 454x454 (N x N) connectivity matrix, which was then reduced to 10% most significant connections by subject. We estimated the FC by calculating the node strength for each parcellation, which is the weighted mean of all significant connections, from these connectivity matrices. Finally, we averaged node strength across parcellations to calculate global node strength. Higher values indicate more brain-wide FC.
Time frame: mid-test (week 6)
Changes in Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (FC)
Most participants completed MRI sessions on a 3T scanner located in the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) at the University of Minnesota. FC measures how different brain regions change in activation together. We characterized FC using global connectivity from graph theory analysis. We extracted the fMRI time courses from 454 parcellations defined by the 400 S4 Schaefer Atlas (Schaefer et al., 2018) combined with the Melbourne Subcortex Atlas (Tian et al., 2020). We computed the absolute value of the Pearson's correlation for all possible pairs of time series, creating a 454x454 (N x N) connectivity matrix, which was then reduced to 10% most significant connections by subject. We estimated the FC by calculating the node strength for each parcellation, which is the weighted mean of all significant connections, from these connectivity matrices. Finally, we averaged node strength across parcellations to calculate global node strength. Higher values indicate more brain-wide FC.
Time frame: post-test (week 12)
Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the N-back Task.
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the N-back task was calculated by modeling the block task design together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. The primary analysis focused on the 2-back conditions alone. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during 2-back trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the 2-back choices. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
Time frame: mid-test (week 6)
Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the N-back Task.
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the N-back task was calculated by modeling the block task design together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. The primary analysis focused on the 2-back conditions alone. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during 2-back trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the 2-back choices. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
Time frame: post-test (week 12)
D-prime Score
The n-back task measures working memory capacity. The participant is presented with a series of stimuli and instructed to indicate with a button press when the current stimulus matches the stimulus that appeared a pre-determined number (n) of trials before. d' (d prime) will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of hits to false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' signifies improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
Time frame: mid-test (week 6)
D-prime Score
The n-back task measures working memory capacity. The participant is presented with a series of stimuli and instructed to indicate with a button press when the current stimulus matches the stimulus that appeared a pre-determined number (n) of trials before. d' (d prime) will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of hits to false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' signifies improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
Time frame: post-test (week 12)
Changes in DPX Task Performance
The Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task is an adaptation of the expectancy AX task that uses pairs of simple dot patterns rather than letter pairs as stimuli. The DPX task will be performed in 3 blocks. Each trial consists of a cue dot pattern followed by a probe dot pattern. Different combinations of cues and probes enable the identification of a specific deficit in a subject's ability to maintain goal-relevant information throughout a trial. Timing will be jittered and each block of the DPX task will consist of 40 trials: 24 AX (60%), 6 AY (15%), 6 BX (15%) and 4 BY (10%). Each block will last 6 minutes. d'-context will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of AX hits to BX false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' -context signified improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
Time frame: mid-test (week 6)
Changes in DPX Task Performance
The Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task is an adaptation of the expectancy AX task that uses pairs of simple dot patterns rather than letter pairs as stimuli. The DPX task will be performed in 3 blocks. Each trial consists of a cue dot pattern followed by a probe dot pattern. Different combinations of cues and probes enable the identification of a specific deficit in a subject's ability to maintain goal-relevant information throughout a trial. Timing will be jittered and each block of the DPX task will consist of 40 trials: 24 AX (60%), 6 AY (15%), 6 BX (15%) and 4 BY (10%). Each block will last 6 minutes. d'-context will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of AX hits to BX false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' -context signified improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
Time frame: post-test (week 12)
Changes in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score
Intends to provide a relatively brief evaluation of key cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia and related disorders. The composite score is reported as a T-score, with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher values indicate greater cognitive functioning.
Time frame: mid-test (week 6)
Changes in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score
Intends to provide a relatively brief evaluation of key cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia and related disorders. The composite score is reported as a T-score, with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher values indicate greater cognitive functioning.
Time frame: post-test (week 12)
Changes in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score
Intends to provide a relatively brief evaluation of key cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia and related disorders. The composite score is reported as a T-score, with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher values indicate greater cognitive functioning.
Time frame: follow up (week 24)
Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the DPX Task.
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task demands will be identified by analyzing cue and probe events together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. We examined B-cue related connectivity. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during B-cue trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the B-cue responses. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
Time frame: mid-test (week 6)
Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the DPX Task.
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task demands will be identified by analyzing cue and probe events together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. We examined B-cue related connectivity. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during B-cue trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the B-cue responses. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
Time frame: post-test (week 12)
| Milestone | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Started | 20 | 18 | 20 |
| Completed | 13 | 10 | 15 |
| Not completed | 7 | 8 | 5 |
Most participants completed MRI sessions on a 3T scanner located in the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) at the University of Minnesota. FC measures how different brain regions change in activation together. We characterized FC using global connectivity from graph theory analysis. We extracted the fMRI time courses from 454 parcellations defined by the 400 S4 Schaefer Atlas (Schaefer et al., 2018) combined with the Melbourne Subcortex Atlas (Tian et al., 2020). We computed the absolute value of the Pearson's correlation for all possible pairs of time series, creating a 454x454 (N x N) connectivity matrix, which was then reduced to 10% most significant connections by subject. We estimated the FC by calculating the node strength for each parcellation, which is the weighted mean of all significant connections, from these connectivity matrices. Finally, we averaged node strength across parcellations to calculate global node strength. Higher values indicate more brain-wide FC.
| arbitrary units | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (FC) | 22.7 ± 4.0 | 20.5 ± 4.0 | 21.9 ± 2.8 |
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the N-back task was calculated by modeling the block task design together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. The primary analysis focused on the 2-back conditions alone. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during 2-back trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the 2-back choices. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
| z-score | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the N-back Task. | -0.58 ± 0.58 | -0.27 ± 0.48 | -0.29 ± 0.34 |
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task demands will be identified by analyzing cue and probe events together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. We examined B-cue related connectivity. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during B-cue trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the B-cue responses. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
| z-score | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the DPX Task. | -0.13 ± 0.49 | -0.14 ± 0.32 | -0.18 ± 0.36 |
The n-back task measures working memory capacity. The participant is presented with a series of stimuli and instructed to indicate with a button press when the current stimulus matches the stimulus that appeared a pre-determined number (n) of trials before. d' (d prime) will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of hits to false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' signifies improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
| arbitrary units | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| D-prime Score | 2.45 ± 0.95 | 2.34 ± 0.58 | 2.66 ± 0.93 |
The Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task is an adaptation of the expectancy AX task that uses pairs of simple dot patterns rather than letter pairs as stimuli. The DPX task will be performed in 3 blocks. Each trial consists of a cue dot pattern followed by a probe dot pattern. Different combinations of cues and probes enable the identification of a specific deficit in a subject's ability to maintain goal-relevant information throughout a trial. Timing will be jittered and each block of the DPX task will consist of 40 trials: 24 AX (60%), 6 AY (15%), 6 BX (15%) and 4 BY (10%). Each block will last 6 minutes. d'-context will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of AX hits to BX false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' -context signified improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
| arbitrary units | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| D-prime Score | 3.47 ± 0.88 | 3.36 ± 0.75 | 3.10 ± 0.91 |
Intends to provide a relatively brief evaluation of key cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia and related disorders. The composite score is reported as a T-score, with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher values indicate greater cognitive functioning.
| T-score | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score | 53.3 ± 11.1 | 53.6 ± 6.01 | 54 ± 11.9 |
Most participants completed MRI sessions on a 3T scanner located in the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) at the University of Minnesota. FC measures how different brain regions change in activation together. We characterized FC using global connectivity from graph theory analysis. We extracted the fMRI time courses from 454 parcellations defined by the 400 S4 Schaefer Atlas (Schaefer et al., 2018) combined with the Melbourne Subcortex Atlas (Tian et al., 2020). We computed the absolute value of the Pearson's correlation for all possible pairs of time series, creating a 454x454 (N x N) connectivity matrix, which was then reduced to 10% most significant connections by subject. We estimated the FC by calculating the node strength for each parcellation, which is the weighted mean of all significant connections, from these connectivity matrices. Finally, we averaged node strength across parcellations to calculate global node strength. Higher values indicate more brain-wide FC.
| arbitrary units | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (FC) | 23 ± 4.3 | 20.3 ± 2.8 | 23.8 ± 3.5 |
Most participants completed MRI sessions on a 3T scanner located in the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) at the University of Minnesota. FC measures how different brain regions change in activation together. We characterized FC using global connectivity from graph theory analysis. We extracted the fMRI time courses from 454 parcellations defined by the 400 S4 Schaefer Atlas (Schaefer et al., 2018) combined with the Melbourne Subcortex Atlas (Tian et al., 2020). We computed the absolute value of the Pearson's correlation for all possible pairs of time series, creating a 454x454 (N x N) connectivity matrix, which was then reduced to 10% most significant connections by subject. We estimated the FC by calculating the node strength for each parcellation, which is the weighted mean of all significant connections, from these connectivity matrices. Finally, we averaged node strength across parcellations to calculate global node strength. Higher values indicate more brain-wide FC.
| arbitrary units | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (FC) | 23.1 ± 4.7 | 19.8 ± 4.0 | 24.2 ± 3.5 |
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the N-back task was calculated by modeling the block task design together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. The primary analysis focused on the 2-back conditions alone. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during 2-back trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the 2-back choices. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
| z-score | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the N-back Task. | -0.33 ± 0.51 | 0.09 ± 0.54 | -0.44 ± 0.44 |
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the N-back task was calculated by modeling the block task design together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. The primary analysis focused on the 2-back conditions alone. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during 2-back trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the 2-back choices. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
| z-score | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the N-back Task. | -0.24 ± 0.48 | -0.38 ± 0.42 | -0.4 ± 0.49 |
The n-back task measures working memory capacity. The participant is presented with a series of stimuli and instructed to indicate with a button press when the current stimulus matches the stimulus that appeared a pre-determined number (n) of trials before. d' (d prime) will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of hits to false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' signifies improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
| arbitrary units | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| D-prime Score | 3.24 ± 0.74 | 3.07 ± 0.52 | 3 ± 1.05 |
The n-back task measures working memory capacity. The participant is presented with a series of stimuli and instructed to indicate with a button press when the current stimulus matches the stimulus that appeared a pre-determined number (n) of trials before. d' (d prime) will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of hits to false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' signifies improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
| arbitrary units | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| D-prime Score | 3.22 ± 0.88 | 3.37 ± 0.75 | 3.18 ± 1.27 |
The Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task is an adaptation of the expectancy AX task that uses pairs of simple dot patterns rather than letter pairs as stimuli. The DPX task will be performed in 3 blocks. Each trial consists of a cue dot pattern followed by a probe dot pattern. Different combinations of cues and probes enable the identification of a specific deficit in a subject's ability to maintain goal-relevant information throughout a trial. Timing will be jittered and each block of the DPX task will consist of 40 trials: 24 AX (60%), 6 AY (15%), 6 BX (15%) and 4 BY (10%). Each block will last 6 minutes. d'-context will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of AX hits to BX false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' -context signified improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
| arbitrary units | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in DPX Task Performance | 2.90 ± 1.02 | 3.71 ± 0.45 | 2.84 ± 1.04 |
The Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task is an adaptation of the expectancy AX task that uses pairs of simple dot patterns rather than letter pairs as stimuli. The DPX task will be performed in 3 blocks. Each trial consists of a cue dot pattern followed by a probe dot pattern. Different combinations of cues and probes enable the identification of a specific deficit in a subject's ability to maintain goal-relevant information throughout a trial. Timing will be jittered and each block of the DPX task will consist of 40 trials: 24 AX (60%), 6 AY (15%), 6 BX (15%) and 4 BY (10%). Each block will last 6 minutes. d'-context will be calculated as a measure of signal detection, which indicates the normalized rate of AX hits to BX false positives (d' = z(H) - z(F)). Increase in d' -context signified improved signal detection, i.e. a better outcome. A d' near zero indicates a performance at chance, i.e., a poor performance.
| arbitrary units | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in DPX Task Performance | 2.92 ± 0.91 | 3.72 ± 0.81 | 2.91 ± 1.12 |
Intends to provide a relatively brief evaluation of key cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia and related disorders. The composite score is reported as a T-score, with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher values indicate greater cognitive functioning.
| T-score | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score | 57.9 ± 9.9 | 57.8 ± 8.04 | 56.1 ± 10.8 |
Intends to provide a relatively brief evaluation of key cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia and related disorders. The composite score is reported as a T-score, with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher values indicate greater cognitive functioning.
| T-score | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score | 59.1 ± 9.7 | 62.2 ± 6.22 | 60.2 ± 11.2 |
Intends to provide a relatively brief evaluation of key cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia and related disorders. The composite score is reported as a T-score, with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher values indicate greater cognitive functioning.
| T-score | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score | 60.8 ± 6.6 | 61.1 ± 8.2 | 63.3 ± 8.1 |
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task demands will be identified by analyzing cue and probe events together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. We examined B-cue related connectivity. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during B-cue trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the B-cue responses. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
| z-score | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the DPX Task. | -0.25 ± 0.42 | -0.09 ± 0.57 | -0.44 ± 0.29 |
Task-dependent thalamocortical connectivity associated with the Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task demands will be identified by analyzing cue and probe events together with the thalamic regressor using psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI). The thalamic regressor is the time series of the mediodorsal thalamus from the Melbourne atlas. We examined B-cue related connectivity. The PPI analysis calculates the functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and all other brain regions specifically during B-cue trials. Neural activation related to the thalamic regressor was compared to neural activation during the fixation (no choices made) to normalize the relative activation (z-score). Positive values indicate increased functional connectivity with the thalamus during the B-cue responses. A z-score of zero represents no difference compared to the fixation cross (no choices). We report the average z-score of the PPI regressor within the control network (Yeo et al., 2011).
| z-score | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Task-dependent Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity (fMRI) During the DPX Task. | -0.16 ± 0.52 | -0.25 ± 0.36 | -0.25 ± 0.24 |
Collected over 12 weeks. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Right Active-tDCS | 2/20 (10%) | 0/20 (0%) | 2/20 (10%) |
| Left Active-tDCS | 0/18 (0%) | 0/18 (0%) | 0/18 (0%) |
| Sham tDCS | 0/20 (0%) | 0/20 (0%) | 0/20 (0%) |
| Event | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temporary moderate/severe tDCS headband discomfortGeneral disorders | 2/20 | 0/18 | 0/20 |
| Age, Categorical(Participants) | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <=18 years | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Between 18 and 65 years | 20 | 18 | 20 | 58 |
| >=65 years | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Age, Continuous(YEARS) | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 22.9 ± 5.3 | 26.6 ± 8.2 | 24.9 ± 8.9 | 24.7 ± 7.6 |
| Sex/Gender, Customized(Participants) | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 7 | 9 | 6 | 22 |
| Male | 13 | 8 | 14 | 35 |
| Nonbinary | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | Right Active-tDCS | Left Active-tDCS | Sham tDCS | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Asian | 4 | 0 | 4 | 8 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black or African American | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| White | 15 | 15 | 14 | 44 |
| More than one race | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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University of Minnesota