An observational study in Smoker, sponsored by National Cancer Institute (NCI). Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2021-09-08.
Sponsored by National Cancer Institute (NCI) · Observational
This trial uses an online survey to study smoking attitudes and behaviors among current smokers. An online survey consisting of questions about general demographics, smoking history, smoking attitudes, smoking behaviors, smoking intentions, health and qualities of daily life may help researchers understand the differences in smoking attitudes and behaviors among current smokers.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:
I. To examine if self-affirmation attenuates the effects of cigarette smoking stigmatization on smoking risk perceptions, pro-smoking beliefs, and intentions to change smoking behavior.
OUTLINE:
Participants are recruited and pre-screened via an online crowdsourcing program called Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Participants then respond to a one-time research survey over 20 minutes on SurveyGizmo, an on-line survey software platform.
National Cancer Institute (NCI) is the lead sponsor of 3,506 studies on the registry; 334 are open to participants now.
Of its 402 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 365 (91%) have results posted.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Smokers recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk
Inclusion Criteria:
Participants are recruited and pre-screened via an online crowdsourcing program MTurk, and then respond to a one-time research survey over 20 minutes on SurveyGizmo, an on-line survey software platform
Other: Survey Administration
Respond to SurveyGizmo survey online
Quit Intentions
Single item assessed intentions to quit smoking, 'Are you considering quitting smoking during the next 6 months?' from the 2014-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (1=yes, plan to stop within the next 30 days; 2=yes, plan to stop within the next 6 months, but not within 30 days; 3=no, not thinking of quitting in the next 6 months; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). Response options were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated greater intentions to quit.
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes
Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes
"How likely are you to switch completely from using regular cigarettes to electronic cigarettes in the next 6 months?' 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely)
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes
Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling
How likely is it that in the next 6 months you will seek counseling/support to help you quit smoking? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely).
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes
Intentions to Reduce Smoking
How likely is it that in the next 6 months that you will reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke in a day? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely).
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes
Self-exempting Beliefs
Deterministic beliefs regarding smoking behaviors were evaluated using the 18-item self-exempting beliefs scale (Oakes et al., 2004).Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91.
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes.
Positive Cognitions About Smoking
Five items assessed positive cognitions about smoking (Fotuhi et al., 2013). Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91.
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes.
| Milestone | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Started | 306 | 269 | 244 | 281 |
| Completed | 306 | 269 | 244 | 281 |
| Not completed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Single item assessed intentions to quit smoking, 'Are you considering quitting smoking during the next 6 months?' from the 2014-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (1=yes, plan to stop within the next 30 days; 2=yes, plan to stop within the next 6 months, but not within 30 days; 3=no, not thinking of quitting in the next 6 months; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). Response options were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated greater intentions to quit.
| units on a scale | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quit Intentions | 1.90 ± .74 | 1.72 ± .71 | 1.89 ± .71 | 1.79 ± .70 |
"How likely are you to switch completely from using regular cigarettes to electronic cigarettes in the next 6 months?' 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely)
| units on a scale | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes | 2.29 ± 1.37 | 2.28 ± 1.44 | 2.17 ± 1.36 | 2.32 ± 1.40 |
How likely is it that in the next 6 months you will seek counseling/support to help you quit smoking? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely).
| units on a scale | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling | 1.65 ± 1.03 | 1.60 ± 1.06 | 1.95 ± 1.25 | 1.80 ± 1.17 |
How likely is it that in the next 6 months that you will reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke in a day? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely).
| units on a scale | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intentions to Reduce Smoking | 3.41 ± 1.32 | 3.10 ± 1.31 | 3.40 ± 1.28 | 3.19 ± 1.29 |
Deterministic beliefs regarding smoking behaviors were evaluated using the 18-item self-exempting beliefs scale (Oakes et al., 2004).Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91.
| score on a scale | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-exempting Beliefs | 2.25 ± .66 | 2.35 ± .62 | 2.30 ± .64 | 2.33 ± .64 |
Five items assessed positive cognitions about smoking (Fotuhi et al., 2013). Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91.
| score on a scale | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive Cognitions About Smoking | 3.15 ± .76 | 3.28 ± .74 | 3.25 ± .80 | 3.31 ± .70 |
Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | — | — | — |
| Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | — | — | — |
| Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | — | — | — |
| Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | — | — | — |
| Age, Continuous(years) | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 38.61 ± 11.201 | 37.74 ± 10.887 | 38.54 ± 11.021 | 39.70 ± 11.054 | 38.66 ± 11.054 |
| Sex/Gender, Customized(Participants) | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 121 | 101 | 96 | 118 | 436 |
| Female | 183 | 168 | 147 | 162 | 660 |
| Other | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 22 | 23 | 14 | 23 | 82 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 284 | 246 | 227 | 257 | 1014 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Asian | 7 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 18 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Black or African American | 14 | 14 | 27 | 24 | 79 |
| White | 271 | 232 | 198 | 236 | 937 |
| More than one race | 7 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 43 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 5 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 16 |
| Region of Enrollment(participants) | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 306 | 269 | 244 | 281 | 1100 |
| Smoking Self-Concept(units on a scale) | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 2.94 ± .85 | 3.12 ± .89 | 3.03 ± .90 | 3.08 ± .83 | 3.04 ± .87 |
| Education(Participants) | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High school graduate or less | 53 | 46 | 37 | 49 | 185 |
| Some college | 123 | 106 | 112 | 136 | 477 |
| College graduate | 104 | 91 | 82 | 80 | 357 |
| Postgraduate | 26 | 25 | 13 | 16 | 80 |
| Unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Nicotine Dependence(units on a scale) | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 4.19 ± 2.45 | 4.46 ± 2.44 | 4.53 ± 2.43 | 4.77 ± 2.49 | 4.48 ± 2.46 |
Documents are hosted by the registry — open the source record to download them.
This study is completed, as verified in Aug 2021. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
Get an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.
Sign in to followQuestions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.
Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.
Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.
National Cancer Institute (NCI)