An observational study in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy, sponsored by VA Office of Research and Development. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-12-15.
Sponsored by VA Office of Research and Development · Observational
Veterans are at heightened risk of developing cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) from rigors of military service. Balance and posturography are negatively affected in CSM, but require expensive equipment, and extensive training of personnel for data acquisition and interpretation. The Virtual Environment TBI Screen (VETS) is a simple and inexpensive construct that could be implemented as an aid in diagnosis and as an objective means to compare treatment modalities and track recovery. The goal for the SPiRE is to generate the critical data to support rigorous Merit studies of posturography for assessments of clinical course in the treatment and rehabilitation of CSM. The investigators' ultimate goal, if the SPiRE is successful, is to phase in objective posturography assessments as VA standard of care in CSM.
COVID-19 administrative hold
Veterans are at heightened risk of developing cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) from rigors of military service. Diagnosis of CSM involves a set of clinical findings and is confirmed by imaging the spine.
Gait impairment and disturbances of stance control are hallmarks of CSM and are a consequence of abnormalities in proprioception due to dorsal column tract damage of the spine. Currently, gait and balance deficits rely on clinical level assessments and judgement for detection. An objective measure of posturography has the benefit of: a) quantifying balance-related disability in CSM, b) facilitating structure-functional assessments in CSM, and c) quantifying the degree surgical interventions affect posturography and recovery of function in CSM.
Objective and sensitive means for assessing balance and posturography exist, but are not routinely incorporated in diagnosis or functional tracking of progress after interventions such as surgery. A barrier may be accessibility of posturography and ease of assessments. The Virtual Environment TBI Screen (VETS) was devised using Army Rapid Innovation Development funding to objectively assess balance and posturography in a cost effective, but sensitive manner. VETS involves virtual environments and computerized posturography and is proving to be a sensitive system facilitating diagnosis, treatment, and mitigation of balance dysfunction associated with mTBI.
The working hypothesis is VETS testing will enhance clinical judgements regarding CSM. The SPiRE is designed to provide data critical to a more extensive program of research incorporating posturography into treatment and rehabilitation of CSM.
First, a limited comparative study of standing balance will be conducted of 20 Veterans being evaluated for cervical spine surgery to treat CSM and 20 otherwise healthy Veterans. Second, posturography of the Veterans undergoing surgery to treat CSM will be tracked during their scheduled follow up visits to determine the degree VETS scores are affected by surgery and to track recovery from CSM.
Patients in the CSM group will be selected based on clinical criteria. Veterans in the control group will be recruited from the Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center (SVAMC) and surrounding community.
For VETS testing, the Veteran will stand directly on a firm surface or foam pad placed on top of a Wii Balance Board (WBB). There are six conditions manipulating surface (firm or foam surface) and visual input (eyes open viewing a static scene, eyes closed, and eyes open viewing a dynamic visual scene). The primary measure is the center of pressure (COP) sway area. These 6 conditions allow for an assessment of generalized vs specific deficits in COP sway area considering proprioception, dependence of visual input and visuo-proprioceptive integration.
AIM 1A: Determine whether and to what degree balance is altered in CSM. The degree of COP sway will be compared between CSM and controls in the six conditions comprising VETS testing.
AIM 1B: Determine whether VETS enhances sensitivity and selectivity in the diagnosis of CSM. Composite measures of balance will be related to clinical assessment tools and their relationship with MRI.
AIM 2: Evaluate the VETS scores after surgery to treat CSM. The degree of COP sway area under the 6 conditions will be compared before surgery, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 6 months after surgery (corresponding with post-operative clinical assessments).
The ultimate goal is to validate and incorporate objective balance testing into routine assessment for CSM to aid in disambiguating CSM, to improve functional assessments of recovery, and to aid in evaluations of different treatment and rehabilitation strategies in CSM for the Veteran population.
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Inclusion Criteria:
Patients in the CSM group will be selected based on clinical criteria. Inclusion criteria for the CSM group are:
Exclusion Criteria:
Exclusion criteria for all study participants are:
Degenerative cervical myelopathy, encapsulates a cascade of events leading to significant degenerative changes in discs, formation of osteophytes, facet hypertrophy, calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentous flavum with resultant canal stenosis and segmental instability.
Virtual Environment TBI System (VETS) Assessment of Static Posturography
The postural stability task involves six conditions during which Veterans are instructed to look straight ahead and maintain an upright stance as stably as possible. Veterans are barefooted with feet comfortably placed \~25 cm apart. The six conditions are (1) Eyes Open (EO) Firm (2) Eyes Closed (EC) Firm, (3) Dynamic Scene (DYN) Firm, (4) EO Foam, (5) EC Foam, and (6) DYN Foam. a) Comparison of CSM vs. Control and within-subject visual (EO,EC, and DYN) and surface conditions (FIRM and FOAM). b) Comparison of balance and posture at Pre-surgery for CSM group to age and gender matched non-CSM controls. Only pre-surgery data in CSM group was collected due to COVID-19.
Time frame: Pre-Surgery compared to otherwise healthy Veterans
Change in Static Posturography (VETS)
The Pre-surgery CSM group recruited for VETS (Static Posturography) measurement will also serve as the sample for the change in VETS measurement as a change in centimeters (cm). This is a longitudinal assessment of balance following surgical intervention for CSM.
Time frame: Pre-surgery compared to 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 6 months post-surgery VETS factors. The Post-surgery endpoints are normally scheduled clinical follow ups.
Nurick Scale
The Nurick scale is a 6-grade ordinal scale assessing gait impairment, with grades ranging from 0 (signs and symptoms of root involvement but no evidence of spinal cord disease) to 5 (chair bound or bedridden). The aggregate value of the Nurick scale will be related to posturography. Classification Scheme: * Grade 0: signs or symptoms of root involvement but without evidence of spinal cord disease * Grade 1: signs of spinal cord disease but no difficulty in walking. * Grade 2: slight difficulty in walking which does not prevent full-time employment * Grade 3: difficulty in walking which prevented full time employment or the ability to do all housework, but which was not so severe as to require someone else's help to walk * Grade 4: able to walk only with someone else's help or with the aid of a frame. * Grade 5 : chairbound or bedridden.
Time frame: PreSurgery compared to otherwise healthy Veterans
Neck Disability Index (NDI)
NDI is related to VETS posturography to determine sensitivity of standing posture to degree of disability. The NDI is a 10-item questionnaire addressing function activities (personal care, lifting, reading, work, driving, sleeping, and recreation), pain intensity, concentration, and headache. For each item, patients make their ratings on a 6-point Likert scale with values 0 = no disability and 5 = complete disability. Summed scores for each category are multiplied by 2 to give a total NDI score ranging from 0-100. Score: /50 Transform to percentage score x 100 = %points. Scoring: Example:16 (total scored)50 (total possible score) x 100 = 32% If one section is missed or not applicable the score is calculated: 16 (total scored)45 (total possible score) x 100 = 35.5% Minimum Detectable Change (90% confidence): 5 points or 10 %points
Time frame: PreSurgery compared to otherwise healthy Veterans
Short Form-36 Version 2 (SF-36v2)
The SF-36 questionnaire consists of eight scales yielding two summary measures: physical and mental health. The physical health measure includes four scales of physical functioning (10 items), role-physical (4 items), bodily pain (2 items), and general health (5 items). The mental health measure is composed of vitality (4 items), social functioning (2 items), role-emotional (3 items), and mental health (5 items). The SF-36 offers a choice of recall format at a standard (4 week) or acute (1 week) time frame. Likert scales and yes/no options are used to assess function and well-being on this 36-item questionnaire. To score the SF-36, scales are standardized with a scoring algorithm or by the SF-36v2 scoring software to obtain a score ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better health status, and a mean score of 50 has been articulated as a normative value for all scales.
Time frame: PreSurgery compared to otherwise healthy Veterans
EC FIRM/EO FIRM Ratio
From the VETS, a ratio corresponding to the Rhomberg ratio of COP sway will be used to determine the degree static posture depends on visual input. The Romberg test used in posturography compares postural sway in eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) conditions. The Romberg ratio was calculated in the traditional manner, i.e. EC/EO. The ensuing Romberg ratio (EC/EO) is used to assess visual dependency in postural stability. Higher Romberg ratios reflect greater instability with closed eyes, ( a greater amount of postural sway during eyes closed) whereas a ratio \< 1 indicates higher stability in the EC versus EO condition.
Time frame: PreSurgery
EO FOAM/EO FIRM
From the VETS, a ratio of COP sway will be used to determine the degree static posture is affected by reduced proprioception.
Time frame: PreSurgery compared to otherwise healthy Veterans
EC FOAM/EO FOAM Ratio
From the VETS, a ratio of COP sway will be used to determine the degree of loss of visual information. Loss of visual information compounds reduced proprioceptive ability in static balance.
Time frame: PreSurgery compared to otherwise healthy Veterans
DYN FOAM/DYN FIRM Ratio
From the VETS, a ratio of COP sway will be used to determine how roll vection is induced by loss of proprioception.
Time frame: PostSurgery compared to otherwise healthy Veterans compared to otherwise healthy Veterans
DYN FIRM/ EO FIRM Ratio
From the VETS, a ration of COP sway to determine the degree roll vection is induced.
Time frame: PreSurgery compared to otherwise healthy Veterans
Recruitment was significantly hampered by COVID-19 and research shut-downs. Myelopathy surgeries were significantly limited because of COVID as well. Participants were recruited from the pool of eligible individuals undergoing surgery for myelopathy in the Syracuse VA. Recruitment occurred between 2/7/19 and 7/26/22
| Milestone | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) |
|---|---|
| Started | 8 |
| Completed | 6 |
| Not completed | 2 |
| Withdrew: Covid shut down | 2 |
The postural stability task involves six conditions during which Veterans are instructed to look straight ahead and maintain an upright stance as stably as possible. Veterans are barefooted with feet comfortably placed \~25 cm apart. The six conditions are (1) Eyes Open (EO) Firm (2) Eyes Closed (EC) Firm, (3) Dynamic Scene (DYN) Firm, (4) EO Foam, (5) EC Foam, and (6) DYN Foam. a) Comparison of CSM vs. Control and within-subject visual (EO,EC, and DYN) and surface conditions (FIRM and FOAM). b) Comparison of balance and posture at Pre-surgery for CSM group to age and gender matched non-CSM controls. Only pre-surgery data in CSM group was collected due to COVID-19.
| Square Centimeters | Pre-surgical Group: Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) | Healthy Controls |
|---|---|---|
| EO Firm | 11 ± 27.1 | — |
| EC Firm | 13.0 ± 15.4 | — |
| DYN Firm | 48.4 ± 51.1 | — |
| EO Foam | 19.1 ± 20.3 | — |
| EC Foam | 44 ± 32.7 | — |
| DYN Foam | 70.7 ± 47.7 | — |
The Pre-surgery CSM group recruited for VETS (Static Posturography) measurement will also serve as the sample for the change in VETS measurement as a change in centimeters (cm). This is a longitudinal assessment of balance following surgical intervention for CSM.
| CM | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group |
|---|---|
| EO Firm PreOp | 11 ± 27.1 |
| EC Firm PreOp | 13 ± 15.4 |
| DYN Firm PreOp | 48.4 ± 51.1 |
| EO Foam PreOp | 19.1 ± 20.3 |
| EC Foam PreOp | 44 ± 32.7 |
| DYN Foam PreOp | 70.7 ± 47.7 |
| EO Firm 2Weeks | 5.6 ± 4.3 |
| EC Firm 2Weeks | 9.4 ± 8.5 |
| DYN Firm 2Weeks | 11.2 ± 7 |
| EO Foam 2Weeks | 9.8 ± 7 |
| EC Foam 2Weeks | 44.3 ± 28.7 |
| DYN Foam 2Weeks | 63.5 ± 39.6 |
| EO Firm 6Weeks | 7.2 ± 9.8 |
| EC Firm 6Weeks | 15.6 ± 22.1 |
| DYN Firm 6Weeks | 15.4 ± 15.1 |
| EO Foam 6Weeks | 12.2 ± 7.5 |
| EC Foam 6Weeks | 37.6 ± 31 |
| DYN Foam 6Weeks | 88.5 ± 68.7 |
| EO Firm 6Months | 5 ± 5.4 |
| EC Firm 6Months | 12 ± 15.1 |
| DYN Firm 6Months | 24.7 ± 33.8 |
| EO Foam 6Months | 13.5 ± 6.1 |
| EC Foam 6Months | 41.4 ± 19.1 |
| DYN Foam 6Months | 62.9 ± 38.1 |
The Nurick scale is a 6-grade ordinal scale assessing gait impairment, with grades ranging from 0 (signs and symptoms of root involvement but no evidence of spinal cord disease) to 5 (chair bound or bedridden). The aggregate value of the Nurick scale will be related to posturography. Classification Scheme: * Grade 0: signs or symptoms of root involvement but without evidence of spinal cord disease * Grade 1: signs of spinal cord disease but no difficulty in walking. * Grade 2: slight difficulty in walking which does not prevent full-time employment * Grade 3: difficulty in walking which prevented full time employment or the ability to do all housework, but which was not so severe as to require someone else's help to walk * Grade 4: able to walk only with someone else's help or with the aid of a frame. * Grade 5 : chairbound or bedridden.
| Units on a scale | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group | Healthy Controls |
|---|---|---|
| Nurick Scale | 2 ± .89 | — |
NDI is related to VETS posturography to determine sensitivity of standing posture to degree of disability. The NDI is a 10-item questionnaire addressing function activities (personal care, lifting, reading, work, driving, sleeping, and recreation), pain intensity, concentration, and headache. For each item, patients make their ratings on a 6-point Likert scale with values 0 = no disability and 5 = complete disability. Summed scores for each category are multiplied by 2 to give a total NDI score ranging from 0-100. Score: /50 Transform to percentage score x 100 = %points. Scoring: Example:16 (total scored)50 (total possible score) x 100 = 32% If one section is missed or not applicable the score is calculated: 16 (total scored)45 (total possible score) x 100 = 35.5% Minimum Detectable Change (90% confidence): 5 points or 10 %points
| Units on a scale | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group | Healthy Controls |
|---|---|---|
| Neck Disability Index (NDI) | 59.5 ± 17.5 | — |
The SF-36 questionnaire consists of eight scales yielding two summary measures: physical and mental health. The physical health measure includes four scales of physical functioning (10 items), role-physical (4 items), bodily pain (2 items), and general health (5 items). The mental health measure is composed of vitality (4 items), social functioning (2 items), role-emotional (3 items), and mental health (5 items). The SF-36 offers a choice of recall format at a standard (4 week) or acute (1 week) time frame. Likert scales and yes/no options are used to assess function and well-being on this 36-item questionnaire. To score the SF-36, scales are standardized with a scoring algorithm or by the SF-36v2 scoring software to obtain a score ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better health status, and a mean score of 50 has been articulated as a normative value for all scales.
| Units on a scale | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group | Healthy Controls |
|---|---|---|
| Short Form-36 Version 2 (SF-36v2) | 44.1 ± 21.1 | — |
From the VETS, a ratio corresponding to the Rhomberg ratio of COP sway will be used to determine the degree static posture depends on visual input. The Romberg test used in posturography compares postural sway in eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) conditions. The Romberg ratio was calculated in the traditional manner, i.e. EC/EO. The ensuing Romberg ratio (EC/EO) is used to assess visual dependency in postural stability. Higher Romberg ratios reflect greater instability with closed eyes, ( a greater amount of postural sway during eyes closed) whereas a ratio \< 1 indicates higher stability in the EC versus EO condition.
| COP sway ratio | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group |
|---|---|
| EC FIRM/EO FIRM Ratio | 1.56 ± 1.03 |
From the VETS, a ratio of COP sway will be used to determine the degree static posture is affected by reduced proprioception.
| COP sway ratio | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group | Healthy Controls |
|---|---|---|
| EO FOAM/EO FIRM | 2.92 ± 3.17 | — |
From the VETS, a ratio of COP sway will be used to determine the degree of loss of visual information. Loss of visual information compounds reduced proprioceptive ability in static balance.
| COP sway ratio | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group | Healthy Controls |
|---|---|---|
| EC FOAM/EO FOAM Ratio | 8.43 ± 11.8 | — |
From the VETS, a ratio of COP sway will be used to determine how roll vection is induced by loss of proprioception.
| COP Sway ratio | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group | Healthy Controls |
|---|---|---|
| DYN FOAM/DYN FIRM Ratio | 8.7 ± 13.76 | — |
From the VETS, a ration of COP sway to determine the degree roll vection is induced.
| COP Sway ratio | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) | Healthy Controls |
|---|---|---|
| DYN FIRM/ EO FIRM Ratio | 6.49 ± 6.62 | — |
Collected over AEs, SAEs, and UAPs were collected from the time of study entry until the end of study participation, and average of 6 months. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) | 0/8 (0%) | 0/8 (0%) | 0/8 (0%) |
| Age, Continuous(years) | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group |
|---|---|
| Mean | 63 ± 3.75 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group |
|---|---|
| Female | 0 |
| Male | 6 |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected(Participants) | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group |
|---|
| Region of Enrollment(Participants) | Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) Group |
|---|---|
| United States | 6 |
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