CClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT03295643Updated Jul 1, 2024Results posted

Outcomes From a Mobile Smoking Cessation Program During a Monitoring Period of 6 Months

An interventional study of Mobile smoking cessation program and CO breath sensor device in Smoking Cessation, sponsored by Jennifer Marler, MD. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 65 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2024-07-01.

Sponsored by Jennifer Marler, MD · Not applicable, Interventional, and Other

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
319
Allocation
Not applicable
Ages
18 Years to 65 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

Prospective, open label, single center clinical study enrolling 260 subjects in a mobile smoking cessation program using a smartphone app and a handheld breath sensor with coaching support over a six month period.

Read the detailed description

This is a prospective, open label, single center clinical study enrolling 260 subjects in a mobile smoking cessation program using a smartphone app and handheld breath sensor with coaching support over a six month period. Measurements include user engagement and retention in the program, attitude towards smoking and smoking behavior, quit rates, relapse rates, and quality of life over the study period, as well as user feedback on the program.

Potential participants will complete an online screening form. Eligible participants will be called to confirm eligibility, discuss the study, and have their questions about the study answered. Interested eligible participants will then be emailed the registration link, which includes the electronic informed consent. After providing electronic informed consent, subjects register online and receive the hand held device which measures carbon monoxide (CO) which correlates to smoking behavior.

Baseline questionnaires (demographics, smoking history, and attitude towards smoking) are completed, and subjects then self-train to use the breath sensor and smartphone app and allows viewing of CO sample values. The app also provides the user with ability to log cigarettes, view cigarette consumption trends, view instructional videos, complete educational activities and challenges, and engage with a coach.

Participants will experience the program in 5 phases and then complete the study at approximately six months after enrolling,activating device and app.

02

Conditions studied

  • Smoking Cessation
03

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 65 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

  • 18-65 years of age
  • English speaking
  • Smokes daily
  • Smokes 5 or more cigarettes per day
  • Owns and uses a smartphone (iPhone 5 and above, operating system iOS 9.0 and above, or, Android 4.4 and above, operating system Android 4.4 and above)
  • Employed at least 20 hours per week
  • Lives in the USA
  • Understands and willing to sign the Informed Consent Form
04

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Other
Allocation
Not applicable
Intervention model
Single group
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
319 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Other
    Mobile smoking cessation program

    Mobile smoking cessation program delivered through an app with access to a breath sensor device and coaching support.

    Device: Mobile smoking cessation program and CO breath sensor device

Interventions

  • DeviceMobile smoking cessation program and CO breath sensor device

    Mobile smoking cessation program delivered through an app with access to a breath sensor device and coaching support.

05

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Number of Participants Who Completed the Explore Stage

    For the number of participants who started the Explore Stage, the proportion who completed the Explore Stage.

    Time frame: Assessment at the end of the Explore stage; 9 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.

  2. Number of Participants Who Completed the Build Stage

    For the number of participants who started the Build Stage, the proportion who completed the Build Stage.

    Time frame: Assessment at the end of the Build stage; between 10 and 37 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.

  3. Number of Participants Who Completed the Mobilize Stage

    For the number of participants who started the Mobilize Stage, the proportion who completed the Mobilize Stage.

    Time frame: Assessment at the end of the Mobilize stage; between 17 and 44 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.

  4. Number of Participants Who Completed the Quit Stage

    For the number of participants who started the Quit Stage, the proportion who completed the Quit Stage.

    Time frame: Assessment at the end of the Quit Stage; between 24 and 51 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days. Quit = 7 days.

  5. Number of Participants Who Completed the Secure Stage

    For the number of participants who started the Secure Stage, the proportion who completed the Secure Stage.

    Time frame: Assessment at the end of the Secure Stage; between 101 and 128 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days. Quit = 7 days. Secure = 11 weeks.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Readiness to Quit and Goals Related to Smoking Behavior

    Are you seriously thinking of quitting smoking? (stage of change) "Yes, within the next 30 days". "Yes, within the next 6 months". "No, not thinking of quitting".

    Time frame: Assessment at the end of the Explore stage; 9 days after activating app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.

  2. Average Percentage Change in Cigarettes Per Day (CPD) by the Pre-Quit Stage

    Average percentage change in cigarettes per day (CPD) by the Pre-Quit Stage using repeated measures linear mixed model analysis. Model uses all available data on CPD to estimate an average. The Pre-Quit Stage is defined as from the start of the study (activation of the app and device/ Baseline) to the end of the Mobilize Stage.

    Time frame: Assessment at the end of the Mobilize stage; between 17 and 44 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.

  3. Weeks of Active Engagement

    Engagement defined as interaction with the program at least once within app (app open, daily check-in, responds to coach, logs cigarettes, etc) Mobile smoking cessation program delivered through an app with access to a breath sensor device and coaching support. Mobile smoking cessation program and CO breath sensor device: Mobile smoking cessation program delivered through an app with access to a breath sensor device and coaching support.

    Time frame: 6 months

  4. Number of Participants Who Completed the Program

    The number of participants who completed the quit-smoking program.

    Time frame: 6 months

  5. Quit Attempts

    Number attempt to quit by participant

    Time frame: 6 months

  6. Quit Rate 7-day Point Prevalence

    Number of participant who have not smoked in last 7 days

    Time frame: 6 months

  7. Quit Rate 30-day Point Prevalence

    Number of participant who have not smoked in last 30 days

    Time frame: 6 months

  8. Number of Participants Who Reported Pivot Increased Their Motivation to Stop Smoking

    the number of participants who reported Pivot program (app, breath sensor, and coaching) increased their motivation to stop smoking

    Time frame: 6 months

  9. Confidence to Quit

    Confidence to quit. Estimate of means and standard errors based on linear mixed model. Participants were asked: "If you were to quit smoking right now, how successful would you be?" Answered on a scale from 1 to 10 (1=not at all successful, 10=completely successful).

    Time frame: Assessment at the end of the Mobilize Stage; between 17 and 44 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.

  10. Difficulty Maintaining Quit

    Difficulty maintaining quit. Estimate of means and standard errors based on linear mixed model. Participants were asked: "If you were to quit smoking right now, how difficult do you think it would be to stay smoke-free?" Answered on a scale from 1 to 10 (1=really hard to stay quit, 10=really easy to stay quit).

    Time frame: Assessment at the end of the Mobilize stage; between 17 and 44 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.

06

Results

Posted Nov 10, 2022

Participant flow

Online recruitment

Participant flow — Overall Study
MilestoneMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Started319
Completed explore stage283
Completed build stage183
Completed mobilize stage139
Completed quit stage131
Completed secure stage126
Completed272
Not completed47

Outcome measures

PrimaryNumber of Participants Who Completed the Explore Stage

For the number of participants who started the Explore Stage, the proportion who completed the Explore Stage.

Time frame:
Assessment at the end of the Explore stage; 9 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Number of Participants Who Completed the Explore Stage
ParticipantsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Number of Participants Who Completed the Explore Stage283
PrimaryNumber of Participants Who Completed the Build Stage

For the number of participants who started the Build Stage, the proportion who completed the Build Stage.

Time frame:
Assessment at the end of the Build stage; between 10 and 37 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Number of Participants Who Completed the Build Stage
ParticipantsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Number of Participants Who Completed the Build Stage183
PrimaryNumber of Participants Who Completed the Mobilize Stage

For the number of participants who started the Mobilize Stage, the proportion who completed the Mobilize Stage.

Time frame:
Assessment at the end of the Mobilize stage; between 17 and 44 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Number of Participants Who Completed the Mobilize Stage
ParticipantsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Number of Participants Who Completed the Mobilize Stage139
PrimaryNumber of Participants Who Completed the Quit Stage

For the number of participants who started the Quit Stage, the proportion who completed the Quit Stage.

Time frame:
Assessment at the end of the Quit Stage; between 24 and 51 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days. Quit = 7 days.
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Number of Participants Who Completed the Quit Stage
ParticipantsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Number of Participants Who Completed the Quit Stage131
PrimaryNumber of Participants Who Completed the Secure Stage

For the number of participants who started the Secure Stage, the proportion who completed the Secure Stage.

Time frame:
Assessment at the end of the Secure Stage; between 101 and 128 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days. Quit = 7 days. Secure = 11 weeks.
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Number of Participants Who Completed the Secure Stage
ParticipantsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Number of Participants Who Completed the Secure Stage126
SecondaryReadiness to Quit and Goals Related to Smoking Behavior

Are you seriously thinking of quitting smoking? (stage of change) "Yes, within the next 30 days". "Yes, within the next 6 months". "No, not thinking of quitting".

Time frame:
Assessment at the end of the Explore stage; 9 days after activating app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Readiness to Quit and Goals Related to Smoking Behavior
ParticipantsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Baseline - Stage of Change — Yes, within the next 30 days94
Baseline - Stage of Change — Yes, within the next 6 months176
Baseline - Stage of Change — No, not thinking of quitting11
End of Explore Stage - Stage of Change — Yes, within the next 30 days157
End of Explore Stage - Stage of Change — Yes, within the next 6 months114
End of Explore Stage - Stage of Change — No, not thinking of quitting10
SecondaryAverage Percentage Change in Cigarettes Per Day (CPD) by the Pre-Quit Stage

Average percentage change in cigarettes per day (CPD) by the Pre-Quit Stage using repeated measures linear mixed model analysis. Model uses all available data on CPD to estimate an average. The Pre-Quit Stage is defined as from the start of the study (activation of the app and device/ Baseline) to the end of the Mobilize Stage.

Time frame:
Assessment at the end of the Mobilize stage; between 17 and 44 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.
Reported as:
Mean · percentage change in cpd
Average Percentage Change in Cigarettes Per Day (CPD) by the Pre-Quit Stage
percentage change in cpdMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Average Percentage Change in Cigarettes Per Day (CPD) by the Pre-Quit Stage-44.5 ± 3
SecondaryWeeks of Active Engagement

Engagement defined as interaction with the program at least once within app (app open, daily check-in, responds to coach, logs cigarettes, etc) Mobile smoking cessation program delivered through an app with access to a breath sensor device and coaching support. Mobile smoking cessation program and CO breath sensor device: Mobile smoking cessation program delivered through an app with access to a breath sensor device and coaching support.

Time frame:
6 months
Reported as:
Mean · weeks
Weeks of Active Engagement
weeksAll Participants
Weeks of Active Engagement12.4 ± 7.1
SecondaryNumber of Participants Who Completed the Program

The number of participants who completed the quit-smoking program.

Time frame:
6 months
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Number of Participants Who Completed the Program
ParticipantsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Number of Participants Who Completed the Program272
SecondaryQuit Attempts

Number attempt to quit by participant

Time frame:
6 months
Reported as:
Mean · quit attempts
Quit Attempts
quit attemptsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Quit Attempts2.4 ± 3.1
SecondaryQuit Rate 7-day Point Prevalence

Number of participant who have not smoked in last 7 days

Time frame:
6 months
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Quit Rate 7-day Point Prevalence
ParticipantsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Quit Rate 7-day Point Prevalence102
SecondaryQuit Rate 30-day Point Prevalence

Number of participant who have not smoked in last 30 days

Time frame:
6 months
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Quit Rate 30-day Point Prevalence
ParticipantsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Quit Rate 30-day Point Prevalence88
SecondaryNumber of Participants Who Reported Pivot Increased Their Motivation to Stop Smoking

the number of participants who reported Pivot program (app, breath sensor, and coaching) increased their motivation to stop smoking

Time frame:
6 months
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Number of Participants Who Reported Pivot Increased Their Motivation to Stop Smoking
ParticipantsMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Number of Participants Who Reported Pivot Increased Their Motivation to Stop Smoking233
SecondaryConfidence to Quit

Confidence to quit. Estimate of means and standard errors based on linear mixed model. Participants were asked: "If you were to quit smoking right now, how successful would you be?" Answered on a scale from 1 to 10 (1=not at all successful, 10=completely successful).

Time frame:
Assessment at the end of the Mobilize Stage; between 17 and 44 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Confidence to Quit
score on a scaleMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Baseline Confidence to Quit4.2 ± 0.1443
End of Explore Confidence to Quit5.9 ± 0.1508
End of Build Confidence to Quit6.4 ± 0.1782
End of Mobilize Confidence to Quit7.4 ± 0.1916
SecondaryDifficulty Maintaining Quit

Difficulty maintaining quit. Estimate of means and standard errors based on linear mixed model. Participants were asked: "If you were to quit smoking right now, how difficult do you think it would be to stay smoke-free?" Answered on a scale from 1 to 10 (1=really hard to stay quit, 10=really easy to stay quit).

Time frame:
Assessment at the end of the Mobilize stage; between 17 and 44 days after activating the app and device. Explore = 9 days. Build = 1 day to 4 weeks. Mobilize = 7 days.
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Difficulty Maintaining Quit
score on a scaleMobile Smoking Cessation Program
Baseline difficulty maintaining quit3.1 ± 0.1449
End of Explore difficulty maintaining quit4.9 ± 0.1531
End of Build difficulty maintaining quit5.7 ± 0.1891
End of Mobilize difficulty maintaining quit6.8 ± 0.2055

Adverse events

Collected over 6 months. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
Mobile Smoking Cessation Program0/319 (0%)0/319 (0%)0/319 (0%)

Baseline characteristics

Age, Continuous
Age, Continuous(years)Mobile Smoking Cessation Program
Mean42.8 ± 10.2
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)Mobile Smoking Cessation Program
Female184
Male135
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race/Ethnicity, Customized(Participants)Mobile Smoking Cessation Program
Ethnicity — White264
Ethnicity — African American22
Ethnicity — Hispanic15
Ethnicity — Asian5
Ethnicity — American Indian or Alaska Native4
Ethnicity — Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander2
Ethnicity — Other7
Region of Enrollment
Region of Enrollment(participants)Mobile Smoking Cessation Program
United States319
Cigarettes smoked per day
Cigarettes smoked per day(Cigarettes per day)Mobile Smoking Cessation Program
Mean17.7 ± 7.6
07

Study locations

1 site
  • Carrot Inc.
    Redwood City, California 94063, United States
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Marler JD, Fujii CA, Galanko JA, Balbierz DJ, Utley DS. Durability of Abstinence After Completing a Comprehensive Digital Smoking Cessation Program Incorporating a Mobile App, Breath Sensor, and Coaching: Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 15;23(2):e25578. doi: 10.2196/25578. PubMed 33482628 ↗
  • Marler JD, Fujii CA, Utley DS, Tesfamariam LJ, Galanko JA, Patrick H. Initial Assessment of a Comprehensive Digital Smoking Cessation Program That Incorporates a Mobile App, Breath Sensor, and Coaching: Cohort Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019 Feb 4;7(2):e12609. doi: 10.2196/12609. PubMed 30670372 ↗

Study documents

  • Protocol and statistical analysis plan · Sep 29, 2017

Documents are hosted by the registry — open the source record to download them.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

09

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03295643
Lead sponsor
Jennifer Marler, MD
Responsible party
Jennifer Marler, MD (Senior Director, Clinical and Medical Affairs, Pivot Health Technologies Inc.) — Sponsor-investigator
First posted
Sep 28, 2017
Start date
Oct 4, 2017
Primary completion
Jul 31, 2018
Completion
Nov 30, 2018
Results posted
Nov 10, 2022
Last update
Jul 1, 2024

Study contacts

David Utley, MD
principal investigator · Pivot Health Technologies, Inc (formerly Carrot Sense)

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
Yes
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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