ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT03270943Updated May 18, 2021Results posted

The S.M.A.R.T. Project: Stress Management and Resilience Training for Teens

An interventional study of MFY and HLG in Depression Mild, Resilience, Psychological and Adolescent Behavior, sponsored by University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 14 Years to 17 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2021-05-18.

Sponsored by University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
77
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
14 Years to 17 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The rate of depression increases markedly over the course of adolescence. Adolescents struggling with depression are often set on a maladaptive behavior trajectory which may lead to academic challenges, substance abuse, risky sexual behavior, impairment in relationship building, and suicidality. The S.M.A.R.T Project (Stress Management and Resilience Training for Teens) is designed to learn about mood in teens, and whether emotional well-being can be improved with an 8 week class. The study proposes to refine and test the feasibility of a mindfulness-based self-compassion training program for adolescents who are experiencing subsyndromal depression, comparing it with a "healthy lifestyles" group program as a comparison attention-control for the treatment intervention. Secondarily, the study will explore the impact of these programs on measures of psychopathology and well-being (i.e. depressive symptoms and resilience).

Read the detailed description

Depressive symptoms are common in adolescents, with 20-25% of adolescents experiencing a depressive episode before they graduate high school, and implications into adulthood. Since depression often first appears in adolescence and unsuccessful treatment of adolescent depression increases the risk of chronic or recurrent depression in adulthood, managing depression symptoms at this critical stage of development can benefit mental health and functioning throughout the lifespan. Preliminary studies have indicated that a mindful self-compassion program is a promising intervention to prevent depression and improve wellbeing in at-risk teens.

The S.M.A.R.T Project (Stress Management and Resilience Training for Teens) is designed to learn about mood in teens, and whether emotional well-being can be improved with an 8 week class. In this study, 80 adolescents ages 14-17 ,with subsyndromal depression, will be randomized to either the 8-week mindful self-compassion intervention or the 8-week healthy lifestyles control program, followed by 6 monthly continuation sessions. Feasibility of the research protocol and of the program elements will be assessed. Focus group feedback will also inform program modifications and refinement. Additionally, baseline, mid-intervention, and 3- and 6-months post intervention measurements of depression, resilience, and other related psychosocial measures will allow preliminary exploration of the impact of each program on outcomes.

02

Conditions studied

  • Depression Mild
  • Resilience, Psychological
  • Adolescent Behavior

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03

In context

Adolescent Behavior

305 studies on the registry are indexed under Adolescent Behavior; 47 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 77 is below the median of 172 across 256 interventional studies indexed under Adolescent Behavior.

Browse Adolescent Behavior studies →

Lead sponsor

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill is the lead sponsor of 1,372 studies on the registry; 133 are open to participants now.

Of its 161 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 139 (86%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
14 Years to 17 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Adolescents age14-17 (inclusive) in high school (may turn 18 after enrollment).
  • Score of at least 6 on the Quick Inventory Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS). Potential participants must be pre-screened with the QIDS assessment
  • Clinical mental health assessment based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV (DISC-IV) to screen for serious psychiatric illness, including current major depression
  • Able to read and communicate in English
  • Willing to be randomized to one of the two arms;
  • Able to attend 8 weekly, 1.75 hour sessions, as well as complete self-report measures and homework
  • Have access to a computer or other internet-enabled device.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Score of at least 6 on the QIDS (pre-screening);
  • Suicidality or major depression as determined by Study Psychologist;
  • Inability to speak, write, and read English;
  • Active substance abuse, defined as active treatment for substance abuse, legal consequences/school suspensions associated with substance use, or ongoing family conflict associated with substance use;
  • History of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, severe autism, or psychiatric hospitalization within the past 2 years;
  • Unable or unwilling to attend or participate in group sessions and/or self-report assessments;
  • Current or prior participation in another intervention to address depression or psychiatric conditions;
  • Prior formal training in mindfulness, such as a mindfulness course.
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Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Single (Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
77 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY)

    An 8-week mindfulness self-compassion course for teens. 6 monthly continuation sessions will occur following completion of the 8-week course.

    Behavioral: MFY

  • Active comparator
    Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)

    An 8-week healthy lifestyles course for teens. 6 monthly continuation sessions will occur following completion of the 8-week course.

    Behavioral: HLG

Interventions

  • BehavioralMFY

    Mindful Self-Compassion course for teens

  • BehavioralHLG

    Healthy Lifestyles course for teens

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What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Time to Incident Depression

    The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric short form depression 8a: Raw Scores range from 0 - 32, with 0 being the lowest depression rating and 32 the highest depression rating. Analysis utilized t-score transformation with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. A score of 65 was used to indicate incident depression. The PROMIS measure used in lieu of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) due to increased measurement frequency. Higher scores indicate a greater level of depression.

    Time frame: weekly for up to 36 weeks

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change in Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Depression Scores

    The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric short form depression 8a: Raw Scores range from 0 - 32, with 0 being the lowest depression rating and 32 the highest depression rating. Analysis utilized T-score transformation with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores mean worse depression.

    Time frame: Baseline, Week 8

  2. Change in SMFQ Scores

    The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire-Child Version (SMFQ-C) is a measure of the level of depressive symptoms among youth. This analysis utilized the 13-item youth version. Items are symptoms of depression experienced over the past 2 weeks. Each item is scored on a 3-point Likert scale as follows: "True" (0), "Sometimes" (1), and "Not True" (2) with total scores of 0-26. Lower scores at each time point indicate improvement. Higher scores indicate a greater level of depression (worse outcome).

    Time frame: Baseline, Week 8

  3. Change in Brief Resiliency Scale (BRS) Scores

    .The BRS defines resiliency as the ability to "bounce back" and recover from stress; the items reflect a sense of personal agency. Six items are rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scores are summed and totals divided by the number of questions answered resulting in a mean score of 1-5. Higher scores at each time point indicate increasing resilience.

    Time frame: Baseline, Week 8

Other outcomes

  1. Trajectory of SMFQ-C Depression Score Change

    The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire-Child Version (SMFQ-C) is a measure of the level of depressive symptoms among youth. This analysis utilized the 13-item youth version. Items are symptoms of depression experienced over the past 2 weeks. Each item is scored on a 3-point Likert scale as follows: "True" (0), "Sometimes" (1), and "Not True" (2) with total scores of 0-26. Lower scores at each time point indicate improvement. Higher scores indicate a greater level of depression (worse outcome). This measure was collected at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, 22, and 36.

    Time frame: Up to 36 weeks

  2. Trajectory of PROMIS Depression Score Change

    The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric short form depression 8a: Raw Scores range from 0 - 32, with 0 being the lowest depression rating and 32 the highest depression rating. Analysis utilized t-score transformation with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate a greater level of depression. Model predicted mean at Baseline and 36 weeks is reported based on the longitudinal mixed effects model.

    Time frame: up to 36 weeks

  3. Trajectory of BRS Score Change

    The BRS defines resiliency as the ability to "bounce back" and recover from stress; the items reflect a sense of personal agency. Six items are rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scores are summed and totals divided by the number of questions answered resulting in a mean score of 1-5. Higher scores at each time point indicate increasing resilience. This measure was collected at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, 22, and 36.

    Time frame: up to 36 weeks

07

Results

Posted May 18, 2021

Participant flow

Intervention Refinement
Participant flow — Intervention Refinement
MilestoneMindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)
Started69
Completed66
Not completed03
Randomized (Willingness to be)
Participant flow — Randomized (Willingness to be)
MilestoneMindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)
Started3032
Completed3031
Not completed01

Outcome measures

PrimaryTime to Incident Depression

The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric short form depression 8a: Raw Scores range from 0 - 32, with 0 being the lowest depression rating and 32 the highest depression rating. Analysis utilized t-score transformation with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. A score of 65 was used to indicate incident depression. The PROMIS measure used in lieu of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) due to increased measurement frequency. Higher scores indicate a greater level of depression.

Time frame:
weekly for up to 36 weeks
Reported as:
Median · weeks
Time to Incident Depression
weeksMindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)
Time to Incident Depression36 (0.71 to 36)18.86 (2.86 to 36)
Statistical analysis
  • Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY) vs Healthy Lifestyles (HLG) · Log Rank · p = 0.02
SecondaryChange in Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Depression Scores

The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric short form depression 8a: Raw Scores range from 0 - 32, with 0 being the lowest depression rating and 32 the highest depression rating. Analysis utilized T-score transformation with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores mean worse depression.

Time frame:
Baseline, Week 8
Reported as:
Mean · T-score
Change in Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Depression Scores
T-scoreMindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)
Baseline52.7 ± 2.0258.1 ± 1.77
Post Intervention51.6 ± 2.4653.6 ± 2.18
Statistical analysis
  • Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY) · Mean difference (net): -1.01 · 95% CI -6.06 to 3.84Difference between score at 8 weeks and score at baseline.
  • Healthy Lifestyles (HLG) · Mean difference (net): -4.46 · 95% CI -8.70 to -0.22Difference between score at 8 weeks and score at baseline.
SecondaryChange in SMFQ Scores

The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire-Child Version (SMFQ-C) is a measure of the level of depressive symptoms among youth. This analysis utilized the 13-item youth version. Items are symptoms of depression experienced over the past 2 weeks. Each item is scored on a 3-point Likert scale as follows: "True" (0), "Sometimes" (1), and "Not True" (2) with total scores of 0-26. Lower scores at each time point indicate improvement. Higher scores indicate a greater level of depression (worse outcome).

Time frame:
Baseline, Week 8
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Change in SMFQ Scores
score on a scaleMindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)
Baseline6.90 ± 0.909.67 ± 1.02
Post Intervention6.26 ± 1.357.95 ± 1.05
Statistical analysis
  • Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY) · Mean difference (net): -0.64 · 95% CI -2.72 to 0.2Difference between score at 8 weeks and score at baseline.
  • Healthy Lifestyles (HLG) · Mean difference (net): -1.72 · 95% CI -3.60 to 0.16Difference between score at 8 weeks and score at baseline.
SecondaryChange in Brief Resiliency Scale (BRS) Scores

.The BRS defines resiliency as the ability to "bounce back" and recover from stress; the items reflect a sense of personal agency. Six items are rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scores are summed and totals divided by the number of questions answered resulting in a mean score of 1-5. Higher scores at each time point indicate increasing resilience.

Time frame:
Baseline, Week 8
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Change in Brief Resiliency Scale (BRS) Scores
score on a scaleMindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)
Baseline3.03 ± 0.133.05 ± 0.16
8 weeks3.26 ± 0.173.40 ± 0.19
Statistical analysis
  • Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY) · Mean difference (net): 0.23 · 95% CI -0.15 to 0.61Difference between score at 8 weeks and score at baseline.
  • Healthy Lifestyles (HLG) · Mean difference (net): 0.35 · 95% CI 0.07 to 0.63Difference between score at 8 weeks and score at baseline.
Other pre-specifiedTrajectory of SMFQ-C Depression Score Change

The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire-Child Version (SMFQ-C) is a measure of the level of depressive symptoms among youth. This analysis utilized the 13-item youth version. Items are symptoms of depression experienced over the past 2 weeks. Each item is scored on a 3-point Likert scale as follows: "True" (0), "Sometimes" (1), and "Not True" (2) with total scores of 0-26. Lower scores at each time point indicate improvement. Higher scores indicate a greater level of depression (worse outcome). This measure was collected at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, 22, and 36.

Time frame:
Up to 36 weeks
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Trajectory of SMFQ-C Depression Score Change
score on a scaleMindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)
Baseline6.9 ± 1.09.8 ± 1.0
4 weeks7.2 ± 1.08.8 ± 1.0
8 weeks6.9 ± 1.07.9 ± 1.0
22 weeks6.6 ± 1.27.3 ± 1.1
36 weeks5.4 ± 1.18.6 ± 1.1
Other pre-specifiedTrajectory of PROMIS Depression Score Change

The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric short form depression 8a: Raw Scores range from 0 - 32, with 0 being the lowest depression rating and 32 the highest depression rating. Analysis utilized t-score transformation with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate a greater level of depression. Model predicted mean at Baseline and 36 weeks is reported based on the longitudinal mixed effects model.

Time frame:
up to 36 weeks
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Trajectory of PROMIS Depression Score Change
score on a scaleMindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)
Baseline53.5 ± 1.855.9 ± 1.8
36 weeks47.5 ± 2.053.9 ± 2.0
Other pre-specifiedTrajectory of BRS Score Change

The BRS defines resiliency as the ability to "bounce back" and recover from stress; the items reflect a sense of personal agency. Six items are rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scores are summed and totals divided by the number of questions answered resulting in a mean score of 1-5. Higher scores at each time point indicate increasing resilience. This measure was collected at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, 22, and 36.

Time frame:
up to 36 weeks
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Trajectory of BRS Score Change
score on a scaleMindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)
Baseline3.03 ± 0.153.05 ± 0.15
4 weeks3.22 ± 0.153.10 ± 0.15
8 weeks3.36 ± 0.163.28 ± 0.15
22 weeks3.01 ± 0.183.41 ± 0.17
36 weeks3.65 ± 0.173.38 ± 0.16

Adverse events

Collected over Collected weekly from the beginning of the intervention through the 36-week follow-up.. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY)0/36 (0%)1/36 (2.8%)0/36 (0%)
Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)0/41 (0%)0/41 (0%)0/41 (0%)
Most frequent serious events
Most frequent serious events
EventMindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)
Hospitalization for Unknown ReasonGeneral disorders1/360/41

Baseline characteristics

Includes only the randomized population (Period 2: Randomized (Willingness to be)) who attended at least one intervention class.

Age, Continuous
Age, Continuous(years)Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)Total
Mean15.81 ± 1.0815.63 ± 0.9715.72 ± 1.02
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)Total
Female212243
Male91019
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)Total
Hispanic or Latino257
Not Hispanic or Latino272653
Unknown or Not Reported112
Race (NIH/OMB)
Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)Total
American Indian or Alaska Native000
Asian437
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander000
Black or African American347
White192140
More than one race336
Unknown or Not Reported112
Region of Enrollment
Region of Enrollment(Participants)Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)Total
United States303262
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric short form depression 8a
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric short form depression 8a(T-score)Mindful Self-Compassion (MFY)Healthy Lifestyles (HLG)Total
Mean52.7 ± 11.058.1 ± 10.055.5 ± 10.8
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Study locations

1 site
  • Christine Lathren, MD, MPH
    Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7200, United States
09

References and documents

Publications

  • Bluth K, Roberson PN, Gaylord SA. A Pilot Study of a Mindfulness Intervention for Adolescents and the Potential Role of Self-Compassion in Reducing Stress. Explore (NY). 2015 Jul-Aug;11(4):292-5. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2015.04.005. Epub 2015 Apr 28. PubMed 26005198 ↗
  • Bluth K, Gaylord SA, Campo RA, Mullarkey MC, Hobbs L. Making Friends With Yourself: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study of a Mindful Self-Compassion Program for Adolescents. Mindfulness (N Y). 2016 Mar 1;7(2):479-492. doi: 10.1007/s12671-015-0476-6. Epub 2015 Dec 19. PubMed 27110301 ↗
  • Bluth K, Roberson PN, Gaylord SA, Faurot KR, Grewen KM, Arzon S, Girdler SS. Does Self-compassion Protect Adolescents from Stress? J Child Fam Stud. 2016 Apr;25(4):1098-1109. doi: 10.1007/s10826-015-0307-3. Epub 2015 Oct 23. No abstract available. PubMed 26997856 ↗

Study documents

PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

10

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Ran from Sep 2017 to primary completion in Jun 2020, 32 months.

Results were first posted in May 2021, 11 months after primary completion.

Of 195 non-industry interventional studies with no phase under Adolescent Behavior, half reached primary completion within 21 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 8 and three quarters within 43. This study's 32 months is above that.

Counting every sponsor, half of 198 studies reached it within 20 months; a quarter within 8 and three quarters within 40.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Aug 25, 2017
First posted
Sep 1, 2017
StartActual
Sep 5, 2017
Primary completionActual
Jun 3, 2020
CompletionActual
Jun 3, 2020
Results first posted
May 18, 2021
Last update
May 18, 2021
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on May 18, 2021, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03270943
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Sep 1, 2017
Start date
Sep 5, 2017
Primary completion
Jun 3, 2020
Completion
Jun 3, 2020
Results posted
May 18, 2021
Last update
May 18, 2021

Study contacts

Susan Gaylord, PhD
principal investigator · University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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