An interventional study of BrainHQ and Rise of Nations in Cognitive Aging, sponsored by Florida State University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 65 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2021-06-07.
Sponsored by Florida State University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Basic science
The study will compare the effect of broad and directed (narrow) technology-based training on basic perceptual and cognitive abilities in older adults and on the performance of simulated tasks of daily living including driving and fraud avoidance.
Participants will be randomly assigned to four training conditions: broad training using either 1) Posit Science's web-based "BrainHQ" or 2) the video game Rise of Nations, or to directed training for 3) Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) training on both driving, American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)'s web-based older driver training program, and training for fraud avoidance, a web-based tutorial on finance and fraud, or 4) to an active control condition of puzzle solving. Training will take approximately 15-20 hr for each treatment condition. Before training begins, participants will take baseline ability tests of perception, attention, memory, and cognition, activities of daily living, as well as a driving simulator test for hazard perception, and a financial fraud recognition test. They will be tested again on these measures following training completion, and at a one-year follow-up from training completion.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and enrolled in a commercial web-based cognitive training program, BrainHQ, trained on how to access it, and instructed to complete a fixed number of sessions in 20 hours.
Behavioral: BrainHQ
Participants will be provided with a laptop computer with the Rise of Nations video game, be trained in game play, and instructed to play the game for 20 hours
Behavioral: Rise of Nations
Participants will be enrolled in American Association of Retired Persons' web-based driver training course, trained on how to access it, and asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 6-8 hours. They will also be provided with web-based access to a finance and fraud avoidance training tutorial, instructed on how to access it, and be asked to complete the course, estimated to take approximately 5-7 hours. The two courses combined are estimated to take about 15 hours.
Behavioral: IADL Training
Participants will be provided with a laptop computer and asked to complete 20 hr of training with Sudoku, crossword puzzles, and word search
Behavioral: Active Control
BrainHQ
Rise of Nations
IADL Training
Puzzle solving
Fraud Detection Post Training
Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms).
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Driving Simulator Hazard Perception Post Training
Driving simulator (scenarios including hazards) measures of speed, maximum brake compression, and lane position, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. These measures provide an estimate of accuracy in driving scenarios that involve hazards in the DriveSafety simulator (using 3 parallel forms). All measures were transformed into Z scores and averaged in order to create a measure of overall driving performance, where higher scores represent more dangerous (worse) driving performance.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Post Training
Self-reported difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 (indicating no difficulty) and a maximum of 3 (indicating severe difficulty). This is a modified short-form version of the Lawton IADL Items, used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Speed of Processing Post Training
Scores from Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which each provide a measure of speed of processing. Raw scores were transformed into z scores, UFOV reaction time scores were inverted, then both UFOV and digit symbol scores were averaged in order to create an estimate of overall speed of processing, where higher scores represent better performance.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Knowledge About Driving Post Training
Test questions based on the American Association of Retired Persons driving course, measured immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of driving related information.
Time frame: Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Knowledge About Finances and Fraud Post Training
Test questions based on the Finance and Fraud training tutorial, measured immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of finance and fraud related information.
Time frame: Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Fraud Detection at One Year
Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms).
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Driving Simulator Hazard Perception at One Year
Driving simulator (scenarios including hazards) measures of speed, maximum brake compression, and lane position, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. These measures provide an estimate of accuracy in driving scenarios that involve hazards in the DriveSafety simulator (using 3 parallel forms). All measures were transformed into Z scores and averaged in order to create a measure of overall driving performance, where higher scores represent more dangerous (worse) driving performance.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Self-reported Difficulty With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) at One Year
Self-reported difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living, measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 (indicating no difficulty) and a maximum of 3 (indicating severe difficulty).This is a modified short-form version of the Lawton IADL Items, used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Speed of Processing at One Year
Scores from Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which each provide a measure of speed of processing. Raw scores were transformed into z scores, UFOV reaction time scores were inverted, then UFOV and digit symbol scores were averaged in order to create an estimate of overall speed of processing, where higher scores represent better performance.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Knowledge About Driving at One Year
Test questions based on the American Association of Retired Persons driving course, measured one year after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of driving related information.
Time frame: One-year after 4-week intervention training
Knowledge About Finances and Fraud at One Year
Test questions based on the Finance and Fraud training tutorial, measured immediately after one year of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of finance and fraud related information.
Time frame: One-year after 4-week intervention training
Driving Simulator Average Speed Post Training
Average speed in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Speed is a continuous measure in miles per hour, with a minimum of 0 and no maximum. Speed may indicate risky driving behavior.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression Post Training
Maximum brake compression in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Maximum brake compression measures the most that the brake pedal was compressed during driving, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Maximum brake compression may indicate urgent stopping.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Driving Simulator Average Lane Position Post Training
Average lane position in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Lane position measures the average deviation from the center of a lane while driving (values from -1 to 1), averaged across participants, where 0 represents perfect center, negative scores represent deviation to the left (from 0 to -1), and positive scores represent deviation to the right (from 0 to 1). Lane position indicates vehicle control and safety.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Driving Simulator Average Speed at One Year
Average speed in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Speed is a continuous measure in miles per hour, with a minimum of 0 and no maximum. Speed may indicate risky driving behavior.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Driving Simulator Max Brake Compression at One Year
Maximum brake compression in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Maximum brake compression measures the most that the brake pedal was compressed during driving, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Maximum brake compression may indicate urgent stopping.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Driving Simulator Average Lane Position at One Year
Average lane position in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Lane position measures the average deviation from the center of a lane while driving (values from -1 to 1), averaged across participants, where 0 represents perfect center, negative scores represent deviation to the left (from 0 to -1), and positive scores represent deviation to the right (from 0 to 1). Lane position indicates vehicle control and safety.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Useful Field of View Post Training
Useful field of view (UFOV) measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. UFOV is measured as a response time in milliseconds, with lower times indicating quicker responses.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Digit Symbol Substitution Test Post Training
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test is measured through the number of items completed during a 90 second period, where higher scores indicate faster/better performance.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Useful Field of View at One Year
Useful field of view (UFOV) measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. UFOV is measured as a response time in milliseconds, with lower times indicating quicker responses.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Digit Symbol Substitution Test at One Year
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test is measured through the number of items completed during a 90 second period, where higher scores indicate faster/better performance.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Technology Proficiency Post Training
Standardized Z-scores of Computer Proficiency Questionnaire and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of technology proficiency. Scores are measured as a self-assessed proficiency, where higher scores indicate a higher proficiency and greater ease using a device on various tasks. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Technology Proficiency at One Year
Standardized Z-scores of Computer Proficiency Questionnaire and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of technology proficiency. Scores are measured as a self-assessed proficiency, where higher scores indicate a higher proficiency and greater ease using a device on various tasks. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Numeracy Post Training
Score on the Berlin Numeracy Test taken at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Numeracy at One Year
Score on the Berlin Numeracy Test taken at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Reasoning Ability Post Training
Standardized Z-scores from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Letter Sets tests, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of reasoning ability. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Reasoning Ability at One Year
Standardized Z-scores from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Letter Sets tests, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of reasoning ability. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Memory Ability Post Training
Standardized Z-scores from Hopkins Verbal Learning and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of memory ability. Scores represent the number of correctly recalled items, where higher scores represent better memory. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Memory Ability at One Year
Standardized Z-scores from Hopkins Verbal Learning and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of memory ability. Scores represent the number of correctly recalled items, where higher scores represent better memory. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task Post Training
Score on Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, based on number of correct tasks/time completed. Higher scores represent more tasks completed per minute, and therefore better performance. Scores have a minimum of 0, and no set maximum.
Time frame: Baseline, Immediately after 4-week intervention training
Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task at One Year
Score on Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, based on number of correct tasks/time completed. Higher scores represent more tasks completed per minute, and therefore better performance. Scores have a minimum of 0, and no set maximum.
Time frame: Baseline, One-year after 4-week intervention training
| Milestone | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Started | 57 | 59 | 56 | 58 |
| Post-test | 50 | 47 | 50 | 56 |
| Completed | 45 | 38 | 42 | 47 |
| Not completed | 12 | 21 | 14 | 11 |
Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms).
| % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 90.42 ± 9.03 | 85.84 ± 18.33 | 84.88 ± 12.31 | 84.32 ± 16.95 |
| Post Training | 85.91 ± 13.76 | 86.34 ± 10.91 | 85.88 ± 19.37 | 83.84 ± 14.86 |
Driving simulator (scenarios including hazards) measures of speed, maximum brake compression, and lane position, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. These measures provide an estimate of accuracy in driving scenarios that involve hazards in the DriveSafety simulator (using 3 parallel forms). All measures were transformed into Z scores and averaged in order to create a measure of overall driving performance, where higher scores represent more dangerous (worse) driving performance.
| z-score | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composite Driving Baseline | -0.06 ± 0.41 | 0.26 ± 0.32 | 0.02 ± 0.32 | 0.12 ± 0.38 |
| Composite Driving Post Training | 0.09 ± 0.43 | -0.10 ± 1.20 | -0.21 ± 1.13 | 0.11 ± 0.62 |
Self-reported difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living, measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 (indicating no difficulty) and a maximum of 3 (indicating severe difficulty). This is a modified short-form version of the Lawton IADL Items, used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).
| units on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 0.31 ± 0.87 | 0.26 ± 0.94 | 0.38 ± 1.52 | 0.39 ± 0.95 |
| Post Training | 0.35 ± 1.03 | 0.23 ± 0.89 | 0.22 ± 1.42 | 0.21 ± 0.73 |
Scores from Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which each provide a measure of speed of processing. Raw scores were transformed into z scores, UFOV reaction time scores were inverted, then both UFOV and digit symbol scores were averaged in order to create an estimate of overall speed of processing, where higher scores represent better performance.
| z-score | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speed of Processing Baseline | 0.09 ± 0.87 | 0.03 ± 0.81 | -0.03 ± 0.65 | 0.01 ± 0.79 |
| Speed of Processing Post Training | 0.34 ± 0.85 | 0.16 ± 0.80 | 0.15 ± 0.71 | 0.13 ± 0.87 |
Test questions based on the American Association of Retired Persons driving course, measured immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of driving related information.
| score on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge About Driving Post Training | 1.49 ± 0.74 | 1.53 ± 0.75 | 2.28 ± 0.90 | 1.36 ± 0.77 |
Test questions based on the Finance and Fraud training tutorial, measured immediately after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of finance and fraud related information.
| score on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge About Finances and Fraud Post Training | 1.65 ± 1.01 | 1.62 ± 1.01 | 2.24 ± 0.77 | 1.54 ± 0.95 |
Percent confidence that a given vignette describing fraud is actually an example of fraud, measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Participants were given a vignette describing fraud (which was mixed in with vignettes not describing fraud) and were asked to give their percent confidence that this is actually an example of fraud. Higher confidence indicates higher accuracy when detecting fraud, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. Measures accuracy in discriminating fraud from non-fraud text-based scenarios (using 3 parallel forms).
| % confidence fraudulent item is fraud | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 90.88 ± 8.86 | 87.78 ± 16.38 | 86.30 ± 11.17 | 84.86 ± 17.58 |
| Follow-up | 87.79 ± 8.95 | 87.17 ± 12.87 | 91.84 ± 7.62 | 85.55 ± 11.56 |
Driving simulator (scenarios including hazards) measures of speed, maximum brake compression, and lane position, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. These measures provide an estimate of accuracy in driving scenarios that involve hazards in the DriveSafety simulator (using 3 parallel forms). All measures were transformed into Z scores and averaged in order to create a measure of overall driving performance, where higher scores represent more dangerous (worse) driving performance.
| z-score | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composite Driving Baseline | 0.02 ± 0.44 | 0.31 ± 0.25 | -0.06 ± 0.28 | 0.07 ± 0.38 |
| Composite Driving Follow-up | 0.11 ± 0.50 | 0.34 ± 0.32 | 0.19 ± 0.33 | 0.18 ± 0.37 |
Self-reported difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living, measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 (indicating no difficulty) and a maximum of 3 (indicating severe difficulty).This is a modified short-form version of the Lawton IADL Items, used in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).
| units on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 0.27 ± 0.81 | 0.16 ± 0.44 | 0.10 ± 0.44 | 0.36 ± 0.92 |
| Follow-up | 0.38 ± 1.54 | 0.22 ± 0.63 | 0.10 ± 0.37 | 0.34 ± 1.31 |
Scores from Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which each provide a measure of speed of processing. Raw scores were transformed into z scores, UFOV reaction time scores were inverted, then UFOV and digit symbol scores were averaged in order to create an estimate of overall speed of processing, where higher scores represent better performance.
| z-score | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speed of Processing Baseline | 0.10 ± 0.89 | 0.12 ± 0.82 | 0.07 ± 0.47 | 0.01 ± 0.81 |
| Speed of Processing Follow-up | 0.22 ± 0.89 | 0.36 ± 0.57 | 0.15 ± 0.67 | 0.19 ± 0.74 |
Test questions based on the American Association of Retired Persons driving course, measured one year after 4 weeks of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of driving related information.
| score on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge About Driving at One Year | 1.36 ± 0.83 | 1.46 ± 0.77 | 1.59 ± 0.84 | 1.62 ± 0.74 |
Test questions based on the Finance and Fraud training tutorial, measured immediately after one year of training, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3. Higher scores indicate more accurate knowledge of finance and fraud related information.
| score on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge About Finances and Fraud at One Year | 1.53 ± 0.89 | 1.95 ± 0.88 | 1.78 ± 0.88 | 1.55 ± 0.95 |
Average speed in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Speed is a continuous measure in miles per hour, with a minimum of 0 and no maximum. Speed may indicate risky driving behavior.
| Miles Per Hour | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speed Baseline | 12.46 ± 1.87 | 13.46 ± 1.38 | 12.71 ± 1.63 | 13.12 ± 1.47 |
| Speed Post Training | 13.25 ± 1.75 | 12.88 ± 4.01 | 11.88 ± 3.90 | 13.21 ± 2.46 |
Maximum brake compression in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Maximum brake compression measures the most that the brake pedal was compressed during driving, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Maximum brake compression may indicate urgent stopping.
| units on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Max Brake Baseline | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.99 ± 0.05 | 1.00 ± 0.00 |
| Max Brake Post Training | 0.99 ± 0.04 | 0.91 ± 0.28 | 0.90 ± 0.27 | 0.97 ± 0.17 |
Average lane position in a driving simulator measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Lane position measures the average deviation from the center of a lane while driving (values from -1 to 1), averaged across participants, where 0 represents perfect center, negative scores represent deviation to the left (from 0 to -1), and positive scores represent deviation to the right (from 0 to 1). Lane position indicates vehicle control and safety.
| units on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lane Position Baseline | -0.43 ± 0.13 | -0.35 ± 0.11 | -0.41 ± 0.12 | -0.40 ± 0.13 |
| Lane Position Post Training | -0.41 ± 0.16 | -0.39 ± 0.13 | -0.39 ± 0.17 | -0.37 ± 0.12 |
Average speed in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Speed is a continuous measure in miles per hour, with a minimum of 0 and no maximum. Speed may indicate risky driving behavior.
| Miles Per Hour | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speed Baseline | 12.71 ± 1.89 | 13.76 ± 1.08 | 13.04 ± 1.65 | 12.96 ± 1.40 |
| Speed Follow-up | 13.36 ± 1.54 | 14.08 ± 0.97 | 13.28 ± 1.15 | 13.70 ± 1.46 |
Maximum brake compression in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Maximum brake compression measures the most that the brake pedal was compressed during driving, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1. Maximum brake compression may indicate urgent stopping.
| units on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Max Brake Baseline | 0.99 ± 0.04 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.99 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.00 |
| Max Brake Follow-up | 0.98 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.99 ± 0.04 |
Average lane position in a driving simulator measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Lane position measures the average deviation from the center of a lane while driving (values from -1 to 1), averaged across participants, where 0 represents perfect center, negative scores represent deviation to the left (from 0 to -1), and positive scores represent deviation to the right (from 0 to 1). Lane position indicates vehicle control and safety.
| units on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lane Position Baseline | -0.41 ± 0.14 | -0.35 ± 0.11 | -0.46 ± 0.09 | -0.41 ± 0.13 |
| Lane Position Follow-up | -0.40 ± 0.19 | -0.35 ± 0.14 | -0.37 ± 0.14 | -0.39 ± 0.11 |
Useful field of view (UFOV) measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. UFOV is measured as a response time in milliseconds, with lower times indicating quicker responses.
| Milliseconds | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UFOV Baseline | 225.84 ± 201.81 | 229.08 ± 242.48 | 228.55 ± 134.75 | 212.14 ± 145.31 |
| UFOV Post Training | 170.04 ± 194.38 | 217.47 ± 192.39 | 210.87 ± 154.27 | 219.92 ± 215.25 |
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test measured at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test is measured through the number of items completed during a 90 second period, where higher scores indicate faster/better performance.
| items completed | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digit Symbol Baseline | 46.45 ± 12.49 | 45.36 ± 10.77 | 44.04 ± 10.11 | 43.71 ± 13.22 |
| Digit Symbol Post Training | 48.90 ± 11.87 | 48.66 ± 10.43 | 46.80 ± 12.24 | 47.07 ± 12.79 |
Useful field of view (UFOV) measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. UFOV is measured as a response time in milliseconds, with lower times indicating quicker responses.
| Milliseconds | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UFOV Baseline | 229.38 ± 205.25 | 199.58 ± 229.19 | 206.54 ± 113.42 | 211.90 ± 154.92 |
| UFOV Follow-up | 200.85 ± 215.83 | 158.65 ± 68.70 | 214.71 ± 152.89 | 192.18 ± 148.15 |
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test measured at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test is measured through the number of items completed during a 90 second period, where higher scores indicate faster/better performance.
| items completed | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digit Symbol Baseline | 47.02 ± 12.76 | 45.65 ± 10.79 | 44.84 ± 7.84 | 43.58 ± 12.74 |
| Digit Symbol Follow-up | 48.36 ± 13.22 | 47.65 ± 14.97 | 48.05 ± 9.77 | 46.90 ± 12.25 |
Standardized Z-scores of Computer Proficiency Questionnaire and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of technology proficiency. Scores are measured as a self-assessed proficiency, where higher scores indicate a higher proficiency and greater ease using a device on various tasks. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
| z-score | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPQ Baseline | 0.16 ± 0.95 | 0.21 ± 0.83 | -0.03 ± 1.03 | -0.13 ± 1.14 |
| CPQ Post Training | 0.24 ± 0.90 | 0.16 ± 0.95 | 0.08 ± 1.01 | -0.06 ± 1.20 |
| MDPQ Baseline | 0.11 ± 1.02 | 0.21 ± 0.90 | -0.07 ± 1.03 | 0.05 ± 1.03 |
| MDPQ Post Training | 0.23 ± 1.00 | 0.09 ± 0.93 | -0.04 ± 1.07 | 0.07 ± 1.04 |
Standardized Z-scores of Computer Proficiency Questionnaire and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of technology proficiency. Scores are measured as a self-assessed proficiency, where higher scores indicate a higher proficiency and greater ease using a device on various tasks. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
| z-score | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPQ Baseline | 0.11 ± 0.97 | 0.35 ± 0.66 | 0.06 ± 0.91 | -0.21 ± 1.20 |
| CPQ Follow-up | 0.20 ± 0.89 | 0.50 ± 0.70 | 0.29 ± 0.82 | 0.11 ± 1.13 |
| MDPQ Baseline | 0.03 ± 1.02 | 0.40 ± 0.72 | -0.04 ± 0.95 | -0.01 ± 1.05 |
| MDPQ Follow-up | 0.15 ± 1.02 | 0.39 ± 0.86 | 0.20 ± 1.02 | 0.20 ± 1.07 |
Score on the Berlin Numeracy Test taken at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.
| score on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 2.41 ± 1.55 | 2.49 ± 1.32 | 2.38 ± 1.50 | 2.39 ± 1.57 |
| Follow-up | 2.45 ± 1.47 | 2.66 ± 1.70 | 2.16 ± 1.65 | 2.48 ± 1.78 |
Score on the Berlin Numeracy Test taken at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 3.
| score on a scale | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 2.36 ± 1.48 | 2.65 ± 1.27 | 2.47 ± 1.52 | 2.52 ± 1.60 |
| Follow-up | 2.40 ± 1.45 | 2.76 ± 1.40 | 2.14 ± 1.81 | 2.52 ± 1.69 |
Standardized Z-scores from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Letter Sets tests, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of reasoning ability. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
| z-score | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raven's Baseline | 0.10 ± 0.98 | 0.14 ± 0.94 | -0.18 ± 0.87 | -0.02 ± 1.08 |
| Raven's Post Training | 0.08 ± 1.03 | 0.13 ± 0.97 | -0.01 ± 1.03 | -0.07 ± 1.19 |
| Letter Sets Baseline | 0.19 ± 0.88 | -0.07 ± 0.99 | 0.01 ± 1.01 | 0.00 ± 1.06 |
| Letter Sets Post Training | 0.24 ± 0.96 | 0.40 ± 0.84 | 0.23 ± 0.97 | 0.21 ± 1.05 |
Standardized Z-scores from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Letter Sets tests, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of reasoning ability. Scores represent the number of correct items, where higher scores represent better performance. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
| z-score | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raven's Baseline | 0.10 ± 0.94 | 0.14 ± 0.98 | -0.10 ± 0.86 | 0.05 ± 1.05 |
| Raven's Follow-up | -0.04 ± 1.07 | 0.08 ± 0.91 | 0.01 ± 1.10 | -0.07 ± 1.09 |
| Letter Sets Baseline | 0.25 ± 0.85 | -0.07 ± 0.98 | 0.06 ± 0.87 | 0.02 ± 1.10 |
| Letter Sets Follow-up | 0.21 ± 0.99 | 0.36 ± 0.94 | 0.22 ± 0.90 | 0.06 ± 1.14 |
Standardized Z-scores from Hopkins Verbal Learning and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of memory ability. Scores represent the number of correctly recalled items, where higher scores represent better memory. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
| z-score | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hopkins Baseline | -0.01 ± 0.89 | 0.04 ± 0.99 | 0.04 ± 1.12 | 0.15 ± 0.88 |
| Hopkins Post Training | 0.23 ± 0.97 | 0.05 ± 0.95 | -0.12 ± 1.22 | 0.22 ± 0.93 |
| Rey Baseline | -0.22 ± 0.94 | 0.04 ± 1.05 | 0.03 ± 1.03 | 0.17 ± 0.96 |
| Rey Post Training | -0.03 ± 1.04 | -0.03 ± 1.00 | -0.04 ± 1.10 | 0.24 ± 1.07 |
Standardized Z-scores from Hopkins Verbal Learning and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, which provide measures of memory ability. Scores represent the number of correctly recalled items, where higher scores represent better memory. Scores are standardized using z-scores, with the average at the baseline representing 0, and 1 representing one standard deviation above the average baseline score.
| z-score | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hopkins Baseline | 0.06 ± 0.88 | 0.10 ± 0.86 | 0.16 ± 0.98 | 0.25 ± 0.86 |
| Hopkins Follow-up | 0.19 ± 1.00 | 0.21 ± 0.79 | 0.21 ± 1.15 | 0.40 ± 0.87 |
| Rey Baseline | -0.18 ± 0.96 | 0.06 ± 1.01 | 0.16 ± 1.02 | 0.21 ± 0.97 |
| Rey Follow-up | 0.23 ± 1.23 | 0.22 ± 0.89 | -0.09 ± 1.00 | 0.44 ± 1.14 |
Score on Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task, at baseline and immediately after 4 weeks of training, based on number of correct tasks/time completed. Higher scores represent more tasks completed per minute, and therefore better performance. Scores have a minimum of 0, and no set maximum.
| Tasks completed per minute | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATM Task Baseline | 3.17 ± 1.32 | 2.78 ± 1.03 | 2.67 ± 1.20 | 2.81 ± 1.13 |
| ATM Task Post Training | 3.19 ± 1.07 | 3.23 ± 1.01 | 2.98 ± 1.07 | 2.97 ± 1.10 |
| Prescription Task Baseline | 4.31 ± 4.54 | 3.67 ± 1.44 | 3.54 ± 1.32 | 3.40 ± 1.50 |
| Prescription Task Post Training | 4.75 ± 2.49 | 4.91 ± 5.43 | 4.20 ± 1.58 | 4.14 ± 3.15 |
Score on Miami Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task, at baseline and one year after 4 weeks of training, based on number of correct tasks/time completed. Higher scores represent more tasks completed per minute, and therefore better performance. Scores have a minimum of 0, and no set maximum.
| Tasks completed per minute | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATM Task Baseline | 3.18 ± 1.31 | 3.03 ± 0.94 | 2.78 ± 1.19 | 2.79 ± 1.13 |
| ATM Task Follow-up | 3.09 ± 1.11 | 3.26 ± 1.14 | 3.12 ± 1.26 | 2.85 ± 1.04 |
| Prescription Task Baseline | 4.40 ± 4.72 | 3.72 ± 1.39 | 3.65 ± 1.30 | 3.40 ± 1.47 |
| Prescription Task Follow-up | 4.22 ± 2.31 | 3.98 ± 1.09 | 4.08 ± 2.13 | 4.26 ± 2.04 |
Collected over From enrollment to the end of the follow-up assessment (approx. 1 year). Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| BrainHQ | 0/57 (0%) | 0/57 (0%) | 0/57 (0%) |
| Rise of Nations | 0/59 (0%) | 0/59 (0%) | 0/59 (0%) |
| IADL Training | 0/56 (0%) | 0/56 (0%) | 0/56 (0%) |
| Active Control | 0/58 (0%) | 0/58 (0%) | 0/58 (0%) |
| Age, Continuous(years) | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 71.5 ± 5.9 | 71.4 ± 5.7 | 72.4 ± 5.5 | 70.2 ± 3.8 | 71.4 ± 5.3 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 33 | 33 | 36 | 31 | 133 |
| Male | 24 | 26 | 20 | 27 | 97 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Asian | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Black or African American | 5 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 26 |
| White | 40 | 41 | 40 | 44 | 165 |
| More than one race | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 9 | 13 | 8 | 2 | 32 |
| Region of Enrollment(participants) | BrainHQ | Rise of Nations | IADL Training | Active Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 57 | 59 | 56 | 58 | 230 |
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Florida State University