A Phase 3 interventional study of Metformin and Placebo in Diabetes and Pregnancy, sponsored by University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Terminated at 10 sites in United States. Open to female participants aged 18 Years to 45 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2023-06-26.
Sponsored by University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill · Phase 3, Interventional, and Treatment
Purpose: The objective of this proposal is to study the safety and efficacy of metformin added to insulin for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among pregnant women.
Participants: 950 pregnant women with type 2 diabetes complicating pregnancy from 10 U.S. clinical centers
Procedures (methods): Pregnant women with T2DM between 10 weeks and 22 weeks 6 days and a singleton fetus will be randomized to double-blinded insulin/placebo versus insulin/metformin. Primary outcome is composite adverse neonatal outcome (clinically relevant hypoglycemia, birth trauma, hyperbilirubinemia, stillbirth/neonatal death). Study visits monthly at clinical visits; blood draw at 24-30 weeks, newborn anthropometric measurements at less than 72 hours of life. Maternal and infant outcomes will be chart abstracted.
437 studies on the registry are indexed under Pregnancy Complications; 119 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 831 is above the median of 147 across 220 interventional studies indexed under Pregnancy Complications.
Browse Pregnancy Complications studies →University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill is the lead sponsor of 1,340 studies on the registry; 133 are open to participants now.
Of its 155 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 136 (88%) have results posted.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Exclusion Criteria:
Metformin 1000 mg twice a day
Drug: Metformin
Placebo, identical to Metformin
Drug: Placebo
1000 mg twice a day
Also known as: Glumetza, Fortamet, Glucophage, Riomet
Delivered to match active drug
Also known as: Sugar pill
Number of Participants With Composite Adverse Neonatal Outcome
Participants with one or more of the following: * capillary blood glucose level of \< 30 mg/dL or capillary blood glucose requiring medical treatment, or * Birth trauma (umbilical cord artery pH \< 7.0 or shoulder dystocia with brachial plexus injury), or * Hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy, or * Deliver \< 37 weeks' gestation, or * Miscarry, are stillborn, experience a neonatal demise, or * Large for gestational age infant (birth weight \> 90th percentile for gestational age), or * Small for gestational age infant (birth weight \< 10th percentile for gestational age) or low birth weight (\< 2500 gm)
Time frame: An average of 48 hours for term infants and 30 days for preterm infants
Number of Participants With Maternal Side Effects
Secondary outcome of maternal side effects were defined as: * clinically relevant hypoglycemia defined as capillary blood glucose \< 60 or \< 80 with symptoms * GI side effects defined as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Time frame: Throughout study until delivery at 40 weeks gestation
Mean Infant Fat Mass
Neonatal fat mass measured by skin-fold thickness (anthropometrics).The circumference of the upper limb is the circumference of the upper arm, and the circumference of the lower limb equals the mean of the circumferences measured at the midthigh and calf. The volume of the subcutaneous layer of fat covering each cylinder is estimated by multiplying the length times the circumference times the layer of fat estimated by the skinfold measures. The triceps skinfold measure is used as an estimate of the fat thickness of the limbs, and the subscapular skinfold measure approximates the fat thickness of the trunk. Total body fat is estimated by summing the volumes of fat covering each of the cylinders and multiplying by 0.9 (the density of fat).
Time frame: Within 72 hrs of birth
Maternal Safety Based on Treatment Emergent Adverse Events
Adverse maternal outcomes.
Time frame: An average of 48 hours following delivery
Neonatal Safety Based on Treatment Emergent Adverse Events
Adverse neonatal outcomes
Time frame: up to 28 days of life
| Milestone | Metformin | Placebo |
|---|---|---|
| Started | 416 | 415 |
| Randomized | 416 | 415 |
| Received intervention | 397 | 397 |
| Liveborn infants during study | 376 | 370 |
| Completed | 386 | 382 |
| Not completed | 30 | 33 |
Participants with one or more of the following: * capillary blood glucose level of \< 30 mg/dL or capillary blood glucose requiring medical treatment, or * Birth trauma (umbilical cord artery pH \< 7.0 or shoulder dystocia with brachial plexus injury), or * Hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy, or * Deliver \< 37 weeks' gestation, or * Miscarry, are stillborn, experience a neonatal demise, or * Large for gestational age infant (birth weight \> 90th percentile for gestational age), or * Small for gestational age infant (birth weight \< 10th percentile for gestational age) or low birth weight (\< 2500 gm)
| Participants | Metformin | Placebo |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Composite Adverse Neonatal Outcome | 269 | 277 |
Secondary outcome of maternal side effects were defined as: * clinically relevant hypoglycemia defined as capillary blood glucose \< 60 or \< 80 with symptoms * GI side effects defined as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
| Participants | Metformin | Placebo |
|---|---|---|
| Clinically relevant hypoglycemia | 87 | 85 |
| Gastrointestinal side effects | 182 | 171 |
Neonatal fat mass measured by skin-fold thickness (anthropometrics).The circumference of the upper limb is the circumference of the upper arm, and the circumference of the lower limb equals the mean of the circumferences measured at the midthigh and calf. The volume of the subcutaneous layer of fat covering each cylinder is estimated by multiplying the length times the circumference times the layer of fat estimated by the skinfold measures. The triceps skinfold measure is used as an estimate of the fat thickness of the limbs, and the subscapular skinfold measure approximates the fat thickness of the trunk. Total body fat is estimated by summing the volumes of fat covering each of the cylinders and multiplying by 0.9 (the density of fat).
| kg | Maternal Metformin | Maternal Placebo |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Infant Fat Mass | 0.46 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.24 |
Adverse maternal outcomes.
| Participants | Metformin | Placebo |
|---|---|---|
| Any adverse event leading to early study agent discontinuation | 13 | 20 |
| Any adverse event associated with maternal death | 2 | 1 |
| Any adverse event associated with fetal death | 10 | 10 |
| Any maternal serious adverse event | 113 | 111 |
| Any maternal non-serious adverse event | 149 | 157 |
Adverse neonatal outcomes
| Participants | Maternal Metformin | Maternal Placebo |
|---|---|---|
| Any neonatal serious adverse event | 81 | 105 |
| Any neonatal non-serious adverse event | 157 | 162 |
Collected over For mothers, AEs were collected from time of randomization to time of hospital discharge after delivery, an average of 48 hours following delivery. For infants, from birth through 28 days of age.. Non-serious events are listed at a 5% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Metformin | 2/397 (0.5%) | 113/397 (28.5%) | 54/397 (13.6%) |
| Fetus of Mother Receiving Metformin | 10/397 (2.5%) | 0/397 (0%) | 0/397 (0%) |
| Infants Born to Mothers Receiving Metformin | 1/376 (0.3%) | 81/376 (21.5%) | 151/376 (40.2%) |
| Maternal Placebo | 1/397 (0.3%) | 111/397 (28%) | 57/397 (14.4%) |
| Fetus of Mother Receiving Placebo | 10/397 (2.5%) | 0/397 (0%) | 0/397 (0%) |
| Infants Born to Mothers Receiving Placebo | 2/370 (0.5%) | 105/370 (28.4%) | 151/370 (40.8%) |
| Event | Maternal Metformin | Fetus of Mother Receiving Metformin | Infants Born to Mothers Receiving Metformin | Maternal Placebo | Fetus of Mother Receiving Placebo | Infants Born to Mothers Receiving Placebo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PreeclampsiaPregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | 44/397 | 0/397 | 0/376 | 32/397 | 0/397 | 1/370 |
| Preterm deliveryPregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | 0/397 | 0/397 | 19/376 | 2/397 | 0/397 | 22/370 |
| Premature deliveryPregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | 0/397 | 0/397 | 19/376 | 0/397 | 0/397 | 22/370 |
| HypoglycaemiaMetabolism and nutrition disorders | 1/397 | 0/397 | 8/376 | 2/397 | 0/397 | 13/370 |
| Respiratory distressRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | 0/397 | 0/397 | 4/376 | 0/397 | 0/397 | 9/370 |
| HyperglycemiaMetabolism and nutrition disorders | 9/397 | 0/397 | 0/376 | 7/397 | 0/397 | 0/370 |
| Immature respiratory systemPregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | 0/397 | 0/397 | 4/376 | 0/397 | 0/397 | 8/370 |
| JaundiceSkin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | 0/397 | 0/397 | 1/376 | 0/397 | 0/397 | 7/370 |
| HypertensionVascular disorders | 7/397 | 0/397 | 1/376 | 7/397 | 0/397 | 0/370 |
| Neonatal respiratory failureRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | 0/397 | 0/397 | 3/376 | 0/397 | 0/397 | 5/370 |
| Event | Maternal Metformin | Fetus of Mother Receiving Metformin | Infants Born to Mothers Receiving Metformin | Maternal Placebo | Fetus of Mother Receiving Placebo | Infants Born to Mothers Receiving Placebo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JaundiceSkin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | 0/397 | 0/397 | 95/376 | 0/397 | 0/397 | 97/370 |
| HypoglycaemiaMetabolism and nutrition disorders | 0/397 | 0/397 | 56/376 | 1/397 | 0/397 | 54/370 |
| HeadacheNervous system disorders | 31/397 | 0/397 | 0/376 | 36/397 | 0/397 | 0/370 |
| Abdominal painGastrointestinal disorders | 23/397 | 0/397 | 0/376 | 20/397 | 0/397 | 0/370 |
| Age, Continuous(years) | Metformin | Placebo | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 32.8 ± 5.5 | 33.1 ± 5.7 | 32.9 ± 5.6 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | Metformin | Placebo | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 397 | 397 | 794 |
| Male | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | Metformin | Placebo | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 203 | 209 | 412 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 183 | 176 | 359 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | Metformin | Placebo | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Asian | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black or African American | 116 | 108 | 224 |
| White | 55 | 57 | 112 |
| More than one race | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 226 | 232 | 458 |
| Region of Enrollment(Participants) | Metformin | Placebo | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 397 | 397 | 794 |
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University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill