Pathophysiological Study of Adipose Tissue of Patients Infected With HIV

The choice of the sleeve gastrectomy is based on choosing an effective technique with few complications, no rupture of digestive continuity and therefore little malabsorptive effect with a better quality of life.

The intervention of sleeve gastrectomy offers a unique opportunity to study the SAT and VAT of HIV obese patients before and after bariatric surgery, to analyze the specific modifications of this tissue and to better understand the pathophysiology of this disease. The term associated with changes in cardiometabolic comorbidities and their improvement after weight loss will be important elements in the management of these patients. It is therefore important to evaluate whether the fibrosis term changes observed in HIV patients will change the effectiveness of the intervention.

In the general population, obesity is a major public health problem. It is considered an inflammatory disease, multifactorial with chronic evolution, which requires long-term medical care and / or surgery . Indeed, the body mass index (BMI) correlates with increased mortality mainly due to cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, coronary artery disease), cancer and diabetes. Finally, overweight and obesity are the leading causes of liver disease in Western countries resulting in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a term that includes all the hepatic lesions observed in overweight and obesity: steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease reflects not only the presence of insulin resistance but also participates in its installation. Reducing overweight is therefore a key part of treatment to reduce chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and liver damage.

There is little data in the literature on the prevalence of obesity in the population of HIV patients. In France, the prevalence of obesity in the French Hospital Database on HIV is 15.1% among women and 5.3% among men, similar to prevalence in the general population. Patients born in sub-Saharan Africa have a higher risk with 20.7% versus 12.2% in women and 10.9% versus 4.7% for men.

No data is available on the obesity complications described in the general population in our population of obese HIV patients. Nevertheless, apart from obesity, patients infected with HIV develop cardiovascular and metabolic complications well documented in recent years.

French and international recommendations agree that the management of obesity should be multidisciplinary. In the treatment, surgical treatment is the treatment of choice in French and international recommendations in the following indications:

• morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg / M²) resistant to medical treatment and exposing patients to serious complications that can not be controlled by the specific treatment
• obesity with BMI between 35 and 40 kg / M² with comorbidities associated with life-threatening or functional outcomes: cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease, severe metabolic disorders not controlled by maximal medical therapy. In each case, the indication can be considered in patients who have had access to specialized medical care for at least 6 months, also including complementary approaches (diet, physical activity, management of psychological problems, treatment complications).

At present, the sleeve gastrectomy is the technique of choice in the general population with, compared to other bariatric surgery techniques such as bypass, reducing complications, length of hospital stay, operative time, a gain in term quality of life without disruption of digestive continuity and therefore little or no malabsorption. This lack of malabsorption it an argument of choice in our HIV patients on cART with a reduced risk of malabsorption of ARV and vitamin deficiencies such as vitamin D deficiency already well described in HIV. The minimally invasive approach (1 trocar), routinely performed by Dr. G. Pourcher for obese patients whether they are infected with HIV, reduces surgical risk. This Single port also allows easy access to SAT, VAT and liver.

The management of obesity in the HIV population, now having a similar life expectancy should be the same as that of the general population but remains to this day very marginal. The literature on the subject is almost "poor" Additionally, comorbid conditions existing in the population of HIV patients are a target population requiring support at least equivalent to that of the general population.