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CompletedNCT02487914Updated Jul 2, 2015

Evaluation of Pressure Sense Threshold and Tactile Sensation After Lidocaine Iontophoresis Using Interferential Current

A Phase 2/3 interventional study of iontophoresis of Lidocaine 10% with interferential current (Dynatron 438) and Lidocaine 10% was sprayed at the identified region in Interferential Current Drug Delivery, sponsored by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Completed at 1 site in Iran, Islamic Republic of. Open to female participants aged 18 Years to 25 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2015-07-02.

Sponsored by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences · Phase 2/3, Interventional, and Treatment

Phase
Phase 2/3
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
30
Allocation
Non-randomized
Ages
18 Years to 25 Years
Sex
Female
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Study summary

Drug delivery is conducted through various methods such as injection, phonophoresis, and iontophoresis. Iontophoresis is defined as the noninvasive delivery of active ions through epidermis using direct current. The direct current has some disadvantages such as skin burning and limited time of application. Interferential current is a kind of alternating currents without limitations of direct current; so the purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of Lidocaine, interferential current and Lidocaine iontophoresis using interferential current.

Read the detailed description

Pressure, tactile, and pain thresholds were evaluated before and after the application of Lidocaine, interferential current and Lidocaine iontophoresis using interferential current. Pressure threshold was investigated with a Pesula. Pesula is a pen-like scaled mechanical device that measures the skin pressure threshold. Pesula was pressed to the skin and pressure threshold was measured in mm. Pain and tactile thresholds were investigated using an electrical stimulator.The intensity was gradually increased to the extent that the participant reported a tingling sensation. The displayed intensity was considered as the tactile sense threshold. Then, the intensity was increased to the extent to be intolerable for the participant and this intensity was considered as the maximum pain threshold. The thresholds were recorded in milliampere.

Lidocaine iontophoresis using interferential current can increase perception threshold of pain, and pressure sense more significantly in comparison to the application of Lidocaine and interferential current alone.

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Conditions studied

  • Interferential Current Drug Delivery

Keywords

  • Drug Delivery
  • Iontophoresis
  • Lidocaine
  • Pressure
  • Tactile perception
03

In context

Lead sponsor

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences is the lead sponsor of 129 studies on the registry; 6 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

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Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 25 Years
Sexes eligible
Female
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Inclusion criteria

  • healthy women with age between 18 and 25 years old

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Systemic disorders,
  • neuro-muscular diseases such as diabetes and all forms of neuropathies,
  • and use of narcoleptic drugs which may contaminate the results.
  • Also, none of the participants were on their menstrual cycle.
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Study design

Phase
Phase 2 / Phase 3
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Non-randomized
Intervention model
Single group
Masking
Double (Participant, Investigator)
Enrollment
30 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Active comparator
    lidocaine iontophoresis using interferential current

    the threshold of pressure, tactile,and pain thresholds were evaluated after the iontophoresis of Lidocaine using interferential current.

    Device: iontophoresis of Lidocaine 10% with interferential current (Dynatron 438)

  • Active comparator
    interferential current

    the threshold of pressure, tactile,and pain thresholds were evaluated after the application of interferential current.

    Device: interferential current

  • Active comparator
    lidocaine

    the threshold of pressure, tactile,and pain thresholds were evaluated after the application of topical Lidocaine.

    Drug: Lidocaine 10% was sprayed at the identified region

Interventions

  • Deviceiontophoresis of Lidocaine 10% with interferential current (Dynatron 438)

    drug delivery through interferential current.

    Also known as: Dynatron 438, Enraf Nonius Comp., Netherlands

  • DrugLidocaine 10% was sprayed at the identified region

    Also known as: Xylocaine 10% spray, AstraZeneca, Korea

  • Deviceinterferential current

    Also known as: Dynatron 438, Enraf Nonius Comp., Netherlands

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What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. pain threshold- evaluated by increasing intensity of interferential current.

    pain threshold to increasing intensity of interferential current.

    Time frame: up to one week

Secondary outcomes

  1. tactile threshold- evaluated by exact perception of the lowest level of interferential current

    exact perception of the lowest level of interferential current

    Time frame: up to one week

  2. pressure threshold- evaluated by Pesula

    Pesula was used to evaluate tactile threshold.

    Time frame: up to one week

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Study locations

1 site
  • School of Rehabilitation
    Shiraz, Fars 33669-71947, Iran, Islamic Republic of
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Baskurt F, Ozcan A, Algun C. Comparison of effects of phonophoresis and iontophoresis of naproxen in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Clin Rehabil. 2003 Feb;17(1):96-100. doi: 10.1191/0269215503cr588oa. PubMed 12617384 ↗
  • Ebrahimi S, Abbasnia K, Motealleh A, Kooroshfard N, Kamali F, Ghaffarinezhad F. Effect of lidocaine phonophoresis on sensory blockade: pulsed or continuous mode of therapeutic ultrasound? Physiotherapy. 2012 Mar;98(1):57-63. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2011.01.009. PubMed 22265386 ↗
  • Gokoglu F, Findikoglu G, Yorgancoglu ZR, Okumus M, Ceceli E, Kocaoglu S. Evaluation of iontophoresis and local corticosteroid injection in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 Feb;84(2):92-6. doi: 10.1097/01.phm.0000151942.49031.dd. PubMed 15668556 ↗
  • Pal B, Morris J. Perceived risks of joint infection following intra-articular corticosteroid injections: a survey of rheumatologists. Clin Rheumatol. 1999;18(3):264-5. doi: 10.1007/s100670050098. PubMed 11206357 ↗
  • Jadoul A, Bouwstra J, Preat V V. Effects of iontophoresis and electroporation on the stratum corneum. Review of the biophysical studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1999 Jan 4;35(1):89-105. doi: 10.1016/s0169-409x(98)00065-9. PubMed 10837691 ↗
  • Jadoul A, Doucet J, Durand D, Preat V. Modifications induced on stratum corneum structure after in vitro iontophoresis; ATR-FTIR and X-ray scattering studies. J. Controlled Release 42: 165-173,1996.
  • Thysman S, Van Neste D, Preat V. Noninvasive investigation of human skin after in vivo iontophoresis. Skin Pharmacol. 1995;8(5):229-36. doi: 10.1159/000211352. PubMed 8527154 ↗
  • Costello CT, Jeske AH. Iontophoresis: applications in transdermal medication delivery. Phys Ther. 1995 Jun;75(6):554-63. doi: 10.1093/ptj/75.6.554. PubMed 7770500 ↗
  • Singh P, Maibach HI. Iontophoresis in drug delivery: basic principles and applications. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 1994;11(2-3):161-213. PubMed 7600587 ↗
  • Panzade P, Puranik P. Iontophoresis: A Functional Approach for Enhancement of Transdermal Drug Delivery. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2(11): 1-8, 2012.
  • Banga AK, Chien YW. Hydrogel-based iontotherapeutic delivery devices for transdermal delivery of peptide/protein drugs. Pharm Res. 1993 May;10(5):697-702. doi: 10.1023/a:1018955631835. PubMed 8321834 ↗
  • Gupta SK, Bernstein KJ, Noorduin H, Van Peer A, Sathyan G, Haak R. Fentanyl delivery from an electrotransport system: delivery is a function of total current, not duration of current. J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;38(10):951-8. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04392.x. PubMed 9807977 ↗
  • Lvovich VF, Matthews E, Riga AT, Kaza L. AC electrokinetic platform for iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release. 2010 Jul 14;145(2):134-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.04.015. Epub 2010 Apr 24. PubMed 20420867 ↗
  • Reinauer S, Neusser A, Schauf G, Holzle E. Iontophoresis with alternating current and direct current offset (AC/DC iontophoresis): a new approach for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol. 1993 Aug;129(2):166-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03521.x. PubMed 7654577 ↗
  • Ganne JM. Interferential therapy. Aust J Physiother. 1976 Sep;22(3):101-10. doi: 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)61005-9. PubMed 25026222 ↗
  • Jorge S, Parada CA, Ferreira SH, Tambeli CH. Interferential therapy produces antinociception during application in various models of inflammatory pain. Phys Ther. 2006 Jun;86(6):800-8. PubMed 16737405 ↗
  • Watson T. The role of electrotherapy in contemporary physiotherapy practice. Man Ther. 2000 Aug;5(3):132-41. doi: 10.1054/math.2000.0363. PubMed 11034883 ↗
  • Bhatia G, Banga AK. Effect of modulated alternating and direct current iontophoresis on transdermal delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:537941. doi: 10.1155/2014/537941. Epub 2014 May 15. PubMed 24959580 ↗
  • Hayashi S, Ogami S, Shibaji T, Umino M. Lidocaine transport through a cellophane membrane by alternating current iontophoresis with a duty cycle. Bioelectrochemistry. 2009 Feb;74(2):315-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2008.11.007. Epub 2008 Nov 30. PubMed 19110474 ↗
  • Yan G, Xu Q, Anissimov YG, Hao J, Higuchi WI, Li SK. Alternating current (AC) iontophoretic transport across human epidermal membrane: effects of AC frequency and amplitude. Pharm Res. 2008 Mar;25(3):616-24. doi: 10.1007/s11095-007-9405-2. Epub 2007 Aug 17. PubMed 17703345 ↗
  • Yamazaki Y, Umino M, Fukayama H, Shimada M. The effect of alternating current iontophoresis on rats with the chronic constriction injury to the infraorbital nerve. Int J Dent. 2012;2012:405292. doi: 10.1155/2012/405292. Epub 2012 May 23. PubMed 22675357 ↗
  • Kandell ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of neural science 2000. 4th edition.
  • Viscusi ER, Witkowski TA. Iontophoresis: the process behind noninvasive drug delivery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005 May-Jun;30(3):292-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rapm.2004.12.002. No abstract available. PubMed 15898033 ↗
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Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Jul 2, 2015, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT02487914
Lead sponsor
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Responsible party
Alireza Motealleh (Dr. Amin Kordi Yoosefinejad, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences) — Principal investigator
First posted
Jul 2, 2015
Start date
Jan 2013
Primary completion
Mar 2014
Completion
Mar 2015
Last update
Jul 2, 2015

Study contacts

alireza motealleh, PhD, PT
study director · Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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