A Phase 4 interventional study of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Urinary Tract Infection and Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection, sponsored by London Health Sciences Centre OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's. Completed at 1 site in Canada. Open to participants aged 3 Years to 15 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2021-09-21.
Sponsored by London Health Sciences Centre OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's · Phase 4, Interventional, and Basic science
Approximately, 3% of males and 8% of females will develop a urinary tract infection (UTI) during childhood, and most of these will be effectively treated by short-term antibiotic therapy. A subset of these children (20-48%), will develop recurrent UTI (RUTI), which may have long-term effects in the form of hypertension or renal damage.
In an effort to prevent RUTIs physicians prescribe sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Septra) or nitrofurantoin as low dose antibiotic prophylaxis. However, recent evidence suggests that during prophylactic therapy the body is exposed to antibiotic levels capable of increasing antibiotic resistance and bacterial virulence. This has been shown to be true in the uropathogens E. coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, yet it is not known if Enterococcus sp. demonstrate similar mechanisms. Additionally, antibiotics have been shown to disrupt the natural balance of the human microbiome, potentially leading to major long term problems.
As a uropathogen, enterococci consistently rank in the top 3 causes of RUTI, especially in children under 3 years of age. Additionally, Enterococcus is notorious for developing antibiotic resistance and studies have shown that children with enterococcal UTIs exhibit a higher rate of recurrence than those with non-enterococcal UTIs.
The investigators hypothesize the current practice of antibiotic prophylaxis in children with RUTI is detrimental and can change the bacterial and sensitivity profiles of these patients.
Patients meeting the inclusion criteria will be recruited to the study at Dr. Dave's discretion through the urology clinic. As clinically indicated patients will then fall into one of two groups, patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis or those undergoing clinical observation. This reflects the standard of care these children receive and no additional procedures are mandated.
At the initial appointment information sheets and consent forms will be given to the parent/caregiver to consider; due to the nature of the study, the parent or legal guardian will be required to give informed consent. Following the receipt of informed consent, patients will be asked to provide a mid stream urine sample given they are infection free and not currently on antibiotics. Patients will be assessed simultaneously for dysfunctional elimination syndrome (DES) through review of their 48-hour bowel bladder diary, the completed Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS) questionnaire and performing uroflowmetry. Patients may withdraw from the study at any stage without repercussion.
Patients in the antibiotic prophylaxis group will receive a 3-month script for antibiotic prophylaxis, if clinically indicated according to the standard of care. Septra (Trimethoprim dose 2 mg/kg) or nitrofurantoin (dose 2 mg/kg) will be the antibiotics used for prophylaxis based on past cultures or allergy history. Antibiotic prescription will be renewed at 3 months and an informal assessment on compliance will be performed through review of the number of doses left. Patients not tolerating one of these antibiotics will be offered the alternate. From months 6-12, prophylaxis will cease (washout period) unless a symptomatic UTI is suspected at which point appropriate treatment will be implemented. Lifestyle changes, behavioural modification and management of constipation will be instituted in both groups. Patients will return for follow up visits at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. In addition, patients can return to the urology clinic at any time if UTI is suspected.
Urine samples will be collected at baseline and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months from both groups (prophylaxis versus observation) by registered nurses at Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre. Healthy patients, those with no recent history of UTI or antibiotic use or known urinary tract abnormalities, will be included to give an indication of the healthy urinary microbiota in the paediatric population. These participants will be asked to provide urine at two time points a minimum of three months apart. Samples will be assessed for bacterial identification via both culture dependent and independent methods. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles will be determined for viable organisms using the Kirby Bauer disk method and bacterial virulence analyzed via bladder and kidney cell line adherence and internalization assays, as well as PCR to determine the presence of virulence genes associated with the pathogen (adhesins, fimbriae, toxins). Urinary cytokine analysis via Luminex will also be conducted as a measure of host bladder state, immune response and disease severity.
6,687 studies on the registry are indexed under Infections; 807 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 59 is below the median of 120 across 4,200 interventional studies indexed under Infections.
Browse Infections studies →London Health Sciences Centre OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's is the lead sponsor of 25 studies on the registry; none are open to participants now.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients with RUTI receiving Septra (Trimethoprim dose 2mg/kg) or nitrofurantoin (dose 2 mg/kg) as determined by clinician.
Drug: Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Healthy population
Patients experiencing RUTI that do not require antibiotic prophylaxis as determined by clinician.
Approved clinical dosage or antibiotics
Changes to the Urinary Microbiota
Changes to the urinary microbiota were measured as changes in the colony forming units (CFUs) of Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp./Enterobacter sp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus, or Pseudomonas sp./Staphylococcus aureus when the participant urine was cultured on CHROMagar Orientation. The data was analyzed in terms of bacterial counts, presence/absence, and presence at or above the diagnostic threshold for UTI (10\^5 CFU/mL of one species). Here we present participant midstream urine samples that met the diagnostic threshold for UTI at baseline.
Time frame: Baseline, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-months
Changes to Metabolic Profiles of Urine
Changes to metabolic profiles of urine as determined using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Time frame: Baseline, 3-, 6-, 9- 12-months
Changes to Antibiotic Susceptibility
Changes to antibiotic susceptibility of cultured bacteria as determined by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.
Time frame: Baseline, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-months
Changes in Pro-inflammatory Cytokines
Changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with inflammation and immune cell recruitment will be measured using multiplexed immunoassay kits employing Luminex® xMAP fluorescent beadbased technology.
Time frame: Baseline, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-months
| Milestone | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | Healthy Population | Clinical Observation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Started | 25 | 20 | 12 |
| Completed | 9 | 20 | 5 |
| Not completed | 16 | 0 | 7 |
Changes to the urinary microbiota were measured as changes in the colony forming units (CFUs) of Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp./Enterobacter sp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus, or Pseudomonas sp./Staphylococcus aureus when the participant urine was cultured on CHROMagar Orientation. The data was analyzed in terms of bacterial counts, presence/absence, and presence at or above the diagnostic threshold for UTI (10\^5 CFU/mL of one species). Here we present participant midstream urine samples that met the diagnostic threshold for UTI at baseline.
| participants | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | Healthy Population | Clinical Observation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes to the Urinary Microbiota | 3 | 2 | 1 |
Changes to metabolic profiles of urine as determined using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Results for this outcome have not been posted.
Changes to antibiotic susceptibility of cultured bacteria as determined by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.
Results for this outcome have not been posted.
Changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with inflammation and immune cell recruitment will be measured using multiplexed immunoassay kits employing Luminex® xMAP fluorescent beadbased technology.
Results for this outcome have not been posted.
Collected over 1 year - Over the course of prophylaxis or clinical observation.. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 0/25 (0%) | 0/25 (0%) | 0/25 (0%) |
| Healthy Population | 0/19 (0%) | 0/19 (0%) | 0/19 (0%) |
| Clinical Observation | 0/12 (0%) | 0/12 (0%) | 0/12 (0%) |
| Age, Categorical(Participants) | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | Healthy Population | Clinical Observation | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <=18 years | 25 | 20 | 12 | 57 |
| Between 18 and 65 years | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| >=65 years | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | Healthy Population | Clinical Observation | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 25 | 20 | 12 | 57 |
| Male | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Region of Enrollment(participants) | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | Healthy Population | Clinical Observation | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | 25 | 20 | 12 | 57 |
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London Health Sciences Centre OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's