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CompletedNCT01589445T2DMCTUpdated Feb 28, 2014Results posted

Efficacy Study of Pioglitazone and Metformin and Association Between Pioglitazone Response and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma Gene Variants in Bangladeshi Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjects

A Phase 4 interventional study of Pioglitazone hydrochloride and Metformin hydrochloride in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, sponsored by University of Dhaka. Completed at 1 site in Bangladesh. Open to participants aged 40 Years to 50 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2014-02-28.

Sponsored by University of Dhaka · Phase 4, Interventional, and Treatment

Phase
Phase 4
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
77
Allocation
Non-randomized
Ages
40 Years to 50 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

  • The present study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and safety of two different insulin sensitizers (namely Pioglitazone and Metformin) among subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh.
  • A prospective, double-blind, single group, 'within-subject' designed clinical trial of 77 diagnosed T2DM patients out of 130 patients with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7.2±1.5%, aged 46±6.4 years and registered for diabetes treatment in Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) was carried out.
  • The study was conducted between November 2008 and September 2010.
  • Baseline data, included case history of the patients,anthropometric measurement, biomedical parameters psychosocial factors, were collected from each subject and then enrolled to receive treatment with 001 drug once daily for three months, then the patients were left for wash out with metformin 850mg once daily for one month; then they received 002 drug once daily for further three months.
  • Dietary chart was remained as before.

  • DNA was isolated by Chelex method using the primers and control DNA,restriction Digestion Enzyme Endonuclease Hae 111 for genotyping PPARγ-(Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma)Pro12Pro

    • (Proline12Proline)/Pro12Ala-(Proline12 Alanine))/Ala12Ala-(Alanine12Alanine).
  • The blinded drugs were decoded after analyzing results, 001 tablet was pioglitazone (30 mg once daily) and 002 tablets was metformin (850mg once daily). Bio-medical outcomes were measured to assess the efficacy of both the drugs each month. After finishing the treatment period the effects of two drugs were compared using SPSS.And the association between the pioglitazone drug effects and genetic polymorphism was also assessed.
  • The metformin effects was assessed also using the response rate of HbA1c \<7.0% after 3 months treatment to the patients.
Read the detailed description
  1. Introduction Thiazolidinediones and metformin are known drugs and especially metformin is widely used medicine to treat people with T2DM. Though pioglitazone has been suspended in many countries, its safety and efficacy is a matter of research for the drug investigators. Thiazolidinediones had been introduced in 1997 as an oral anti-diabetic drug (OAD). Metformin has been used as the key compound to treat T2DM for many years and is the most prescribed OAD worldwide. Both metformin and thiazolidinediones are considered as "insulin sensitizer". The ß-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are the core defects in the progression of T2DM with associated metabolic syndrome. Evidence suggests that pioglitazone lowers glucose in blood by increasing glucose uptake into cell and metformin by decreasing glucose production. However, there are many controversies in clinical study specially about the improvement of insulin action of metformin. In contrast, a research recommended pioglitazone as the most appropriate OAD for the South Asian population. The key to this argument is that since pioglitazone is a proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ or PPARG) [a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes] agonist and decreases insulin resistance, overall glycemic control seems to be better with this thiazolidinedione. However, there are very few published documents on the efficacy and safety of these drugs in South Asians. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published paper that examined and compared the efficacy and safety of these two drugs in Bangladeshi patients T2DM. This double-blind trail therefore examined the efficacy and safety of pioglitazone and metformin in T2DM individuals and also the association of the effects of pioglitazone and the variants of PPARG. We have compared the effects of pioglitazone with metformin on biomedical variables in T2DM patients who were eligible for oral hypoglycaemic therapy and then we also analyzed the association among the effects of pioglitazone and PPARG variants.

  2. Methodology

    1. Study Setting:

      The study was conducted between November 2008 and September 2010. The participants for this study were recruited from the outdoor, BIRDEM Hospital in Dhaka,Bangladesh.

    2. Subjects I.Individuals who had been diagnosed with T2DM treating with diet/exercise or Metformin 850 mg or Pioglitazone 30mg once daily, and were attending Outdoor Patient Department (OPD) of BIRDEM for consultation were approached by the researcher and invited to participate in the study. The patients were diagnosed already and registered in BIRDEM. T2DM was ascertained based on World Health Organization recommended criteria two repeated measures of fasting (plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol ⁄ l or 2-h plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol ⁄ l.)

      II.We screened a total of 130 patients for eligibility and selected 80 patients for enrollment based of our inclusion and exclusion criteria. But 77 T2DM patients with HbA1c level \< 7.5 %, BMI kg/m2 ≥ 25, SGPT≤ 100 IU/L , creatinine ≤ 1.2 mg/dl) of both sexes, aged between 40-50, treated by monotherapy of pioglitazone or metformin received the drug for the trial according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. 53 patients were screening failure as some did not match eligibility criteria (n=39), some refused to take part(n=11)and some were unable to take part (n=03)due to unknown cause.

    3. Patient Preparation:

      I.Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before study entry. Patients were instructed to follow adhere to a disease- and weight-orientated diet throughout the study as before.

      II.Each case history was documented in the case report form. The study was approved by the National Medical Ethics Review Boards (NMERB) of Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC).The investigations were carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2000.

    4. Treatment:

      The patients were to receive treatment pioglitazone tablet 001 (30mg once per day) for 3 months followed by one month "metformin wash-out period", then to the alternative treatment regimen for further 3 months with metformin tablet 002 (850mg once per day). The drugs were supplied by the Aristopharma Pharmaceutical Ltd., Bangladesh.

    5. Anthropometric Measurements I.Height: Standing height was measured using appropriate scales (Detect-Medic, Detect scales INC, USA) without shoes.

      II.Weight: Weight was measured with the balance was placed on a hard flat surface and checked for zero balance before measurement. The subjects were in the center of the platform wearing light cloths without shoes.

      III.BMI: Body mass indexes (BMI) of the subjects were calculated using standard formula: BMI= Weight (kg)/[Height (m)] 2.

      IV.Blood Pressure: Systemic and Diastolic pressure was measured according to WHO-IHS.

    6. Blood Sample Collection for Biochemical analysis :

      I. During the appointed date the patients came in the fasting condition. Fasting blood samples (10 ml) were drawn from the antecubital vein. The time was mentioned as 0 hour. Then the patients received drug. They were requested to swallow the tablet and have their breakfast according to their diet charts. Next blood sample had been drawn at 30 min and 2 hour and then they were provided the drugs for the whole month.

      II.The patients were requested to take the drug just before the breakfast every day for 29 days.

      III.From the fasting blood sample 1ml of blood was transferred in an EDTA containing tube for measurement of HbA1C and the rest of the blood was taken in an EDTA containing tube and centrifuged immediately.

      IV.Samples after processing were divided into two aliquots under sterile condition;one aliquot was sent for biochemical analysis for Fasting glucose, Lipid profile, Cholesterol, ALT, Insulin, Creatinine and another one was stored at -80 0C for further verification of results in case of any necessity.

    7. Biochemical Test Methods:

      I. Serum glucose (fasting, 1 and 2 hours) by Glucose Oxidase (GOD-PAP) method (Randox Laboratories Ltd., UK).

      II.Serum triglyceride by enzymatic colorimetric (GPO-PAP) method (Randox Laboratories Ltd., UK).

      III.Serum total cholesterol by enzymatic endpoint (Cholesterol Oxidase/ Peroxidase) method (Randox Laboratories Ltd., UK).

      IV.Serum HDL cholesterol by enzymatic colorimetric (Cholesterol CHOD-PAP) method (Randox Laboratories Ltd., UK) using micro-plate reader (Bio-Tec, ELISA).

      V.Serum creatinine by enzymatic colorimetric (GPO-PAP) method (Randox Laboratories Ltd., UK).

      VI.Serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) by UV method using ALT (GPT) opt.kit (Randox Laboratories Ltd., UK).

      VII.Serum insulin by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (Linco Research Inc., USA).

      VIII.Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) by High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method.

    8. Blood sample collection for DNA analysis (PPARG gene):

    I.At the end of 3rd month of each treatment 1.5 ml of blood was taken in EDTA containing tube for genetic analysis and the whole blood specimen was collected in the vacuum collection tube containing EDTA, stored at -20 0C to - 80 0C.

    II.DNA was isolated by Chelex method, identified by electrophoresis method and amplified by using primers. We used a published document to select the primers for genotyping PPARγ Pro12Ala/Pro12Pro. The primers for the Pro12Ala SNP genotype, we amplified exon B using the reverse primer 5' CTG GAA GAC AAA CTA CAA GAG 3' and the forward primer 5' ACT CTG GGA GAT TCT CCT ATT GGC 3'. (Sigma product, Order No. SIGMA 03/11/09 4152936-F/185 PPARG-R 8006875247-1).

    III.Control DNA: Professor Colin Palmer Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute ,University of Dundee Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK sent six control samples of 3 types control DNA genotyped for PPARG SNP rs 1801282 (Pro12Ala).

    IV.Restriction Digestion Enzyme Endonuclease Hae 111 was used to identify the cutting site(Sigma Product No. R 5628).

  3. Response Rate:
  1. The response rate was defined by the decrease of ≥10% FBG or by the decrease of ≥1% HbA1c from the baseline values.

ll.There was another response group was defined by the the HbA1c rate \<7.0% after 3 months treatment with metformin only to find out the secondary failure rate of metformin.

  1. Statistical Analysis: I.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software for Windows version 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Data were expressed as mean + SD (Standard Deviation).

II. Effects of drugs after 3 months treatment were analyzed using t pair tests. The groups were compared using one way ANOVA. If the p value was \<0.05, the groups were compared using the student's t test for unpaired samples or χ2 test through univariate analysis for further verification. Correlation coefficient among the variables was tested using Pearson's test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain the odds ratios and independent influencing factor for finding possible association between PPARγ genotypes and drug response in case of genetic analysis.

III.A p value \<0.05 was considered significant for all tests. lv. The statistical analysis for within group study like PPARG response group and metformin secondary failure group has not been displayed here.

  1. List of Abbreviations

AEs Adverse Events

ALT Alanine aminotransferase

BMI Body Mass Index

BMRC Bangladesh Medical Research Council

BIRDEM Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes,Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder

BP Blood Pressure

DNA Deoxynucleic Acid

DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure

DM Diabetes Mellitus

EASD European Association for the Study of Diabetes

EDTA Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid

ELISA Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

FBG/FSG Fasting Blood Glucose/Fasting Serum Glucose

FSI Fasting Serum Insulin

2hBG 2 hours Blood Glucose

HbA1c Glycosylated Haemoglobin

HOMA percent B Homeostasis Model Assessment percentage of beta cell function HOMA percent S Homeostasis Model Assessment percentage of sensitivity

HOMA IR Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance

HDL-C High Density Lipid Cholesterol

IU/L International Unit/Litre

LDL-C Low Density Lipid Cholesterol

ml millilitre

mm millimetre

mg/dl milligram/ decilitre

MLR Multiple Logistic Regression

OPD Outdoor Patient Department

OMIM Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man

OR Odds Ratio

PPARγ Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma

Pro12Pro Proline12Proline

Pro12Ala Proline 12 Alanine

Ala12Ala Alanine12Alanine

PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

QUICKI Quantitative Insulin sensitivity Check Index

SD Standard Deviation

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

SBP Systolic Blood Pressure

TC Total Cholesterol

TG Triglyceride

T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

TZD Thiazolidinedione

µl Microliter

WHO World Health Organization

02

Conditions studied

  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Keywords

  • Bangladesh
  • T2DM
  • Pioglitazone
  • Metformin
  • Insulin secretion and Sensitivity
03

In context

Diabetes Mellitus

10,925 studies on the registry are indexed under Diabetes Mellitus; 1,319 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 77 is close to the median of 80 across 8,367 interventional studies indexed under Diabetes Mellitus.

Browse Diabetes Mellitus studies →

Lead sponsor

University of Dhaka is the lead sponsor of 6 studies on the registry; 3 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
40 Years to 50 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

  • Type 2 DM patients (with HbA1c level \< 8.5 %, BMI kg/m2 ≥ 25, SGPT ≤ 100 IU/L , creatinine ≤ 1.2 mg/dl) of both sexes,
  • Aged between 40-50,
  • Treated by monotherapy of pioglitazone or metformin.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Patients with diabetes secondary to another cause.
  • Patients suffering from serious incurrent illness requiring systemic treatment.
  • Patients suffering from any other infectious diseases.
  • Patients with impaired kidney function (serum creatinine level more than 1.2mg/dl)
  • Patients with impaired hepatic function (SGPT ≥ 100 IU/L).
  • Patients with pulmonary insufficiency with hypoxaemia.
  • Triglyceriadiamea (TG ≥ 150mg/dl).
  • Bloodpressure > 180 mmHg (Systolic) or > 110 mmHg (diastolic).
  • Positive history of drug or alcohol abuse.
  • Pregnant women and willing to be pregnant shortly.
05

Study design

Phase
Phase 4
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Non-randomized
Intervention model
Single group
Masking
Quadruple (Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
77 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Pioglitazone (001 group)

    The patients received pioglitazone hydrochloride tablet 30 mg (001 drug)once daily for first three months

    Drug: Pioglitazone hydrochloride · Drug: Metformin hydrochloride

  • Experimental
    Metformin (002 group)

    The patients received metformin hydrochloride tablet 850 mg (002 drug)once daily for next three months.

    Drug: Pioglitazone hydrochloride · Drug: Metformin hydrochloride

Interventions

  • DrugPioglitazone hydrochloride

    77 patients were treated with pioglitazone hydrochloride (B001) for 3 months.Biomedical parameters were measured each month.

    Also known as: GLUCOZON, 30 mg tablet, once, daily, Coded as B001(Preparation Date:Jun 08), Aristopharma LTD.,Bangladesh

  • DrugMetformin hydrochloride

    After the treatment with pioglitazone(001) for 3 months first and then patients were on one month washout period;in the washout period they were given metformin tablet 850mg once daily,then treated with 002 (metformin) for further 3 months. The same biomedical measurements were assayed.

    Also known as: GLUCOMET, 850 mg tablet, once, daily, Coded as B002 (Preparation date: Jun 08), Aristopharma LTD.,Bangladesh

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Comparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

    Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.

    Time frame: 3 months for each drug

  2. Comparison of Changes in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

    Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.

    Time frame: 3 months for each drug

  3. Comparison of Changes in Insulin Levels (HOMA IR,QUICKI) With Pioglitazone and Metformin

    Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin. Analysis 1: Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance(HOMA IR) Analysis 2: Quantitative Insulin sensitivity Check Index(QUICKI)

    Time frame: 3 months for each drug

  4. Comparison of Changes in HOMA Percent B and HOMA Percent S With Pioglitazone and Metformin

    Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin. Analysis 1: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Beta cell function(HOMA percent B) Analysis 2: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity (Homa percent S)

    Time frame: 3 months for each drug

  5. Comparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Insulin (FSI)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

    Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.

    Time frame: 3 months for each drug

Secondary outcomes

  1. Comparison of Changes in Lipid Profiles With Pioglitazone and Metformin

    Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin. Analysis 1:Total Cholesterol(TC) Analysis 2:Triglyceride(TG) Analysis 3:High Density Lipoprotein(HDL) Analysis 4:Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL)

    Time frame: 3 months for each drug

07

Results

Posted Feb 27, 2014
Limitations and caveats
The sample size was relatively small for more detailed analysis, treatment period was also short and there was a possibility of confounding by the use of non-study medication.

Participant flow

Location: Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM),Dhaka, Bangladesh and National Forensic DNA Profiling Laboratory, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Recruitment of patients were started at November 2008 and ended at December 2010.

001 (Pioglitazone) -3 Months
Participant flow — 001 (Pioglitazone) -3 Months
MilestoneSingle Group Study With Two Drugs- Pioglitazone and Metformin
Started77
Completed70
Not completed7
Withdrew: Protocol violation1
Withdrew: Withdrawal by subject1
Withdrew: Lost to follow-up2
Withdrew: Lack of efficacy1
Withdrew: Biasedness about the double blind method2
002 (Metformin)-3 Months
Participant flow — 002 (Metformin)-3 Months
MilestoneSingle Group Study With Two Drugs- Pioglitazone and Metformin
Started70
Completed61
Not completed9
Withdrew: Lack of efficacy1
Withdrew: Lost to follow-up2
Withdrew: Protocol violation2
Withdrew: Adverse event2
Withdrew: Husbands of female patients refrained2

Outcome measures

SecondaryComparison of Changes in Lipid Profiles With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin. Analysis 1:Total Cholesterol(TC) Analysis 2:Triglyceride(TG) Analysis 3:High Density Lipoprotein(HDL) Analysis 4:Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL)

Time frame:
3 months for each drug
Reported as:
Mean · mg/dl
Comparison of Changes in Lipid Profiles With Pioglitazone and Metformin
mg/dlPioglitazone (001 Group)Metformin (002 Group)
Baseline TC182.0 ± 44193.0 ± 48.0
3rd month TC178 ± 42177.0 ± 38.0
Baseline TG183 ± 128166.0 ± 89.0
3rd month TG195 ± 165175.0 ± 108.0
Baseline HDL33 ± 1034.4 ± 9.0
3rd month HDL33.2 ± 834.7 ± 7.0
Baseline LDL112.8 ± 105.5125.6 ± 47.0
3rd month LDL105.5 ± 47112.0 ± 34.0
Statistical analysis
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin (002 Group) · ANOVA · p = <0.161 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, MLR, OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): -9.06 · 95% CI -88.0 to 118
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin (002 Group) · ANOVA · p = <0.913 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, MLR, OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): 10.66 · 95% CI -397.0 to 976
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin (002 Group) · ANOVA · p = <0.322 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, MLR, OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): -0.47 · 95% CI -35.0 to 19.0
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin (002 Group) · ANOVA · p = <0.210 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, MLR, OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): -10.62 · 95% CI -113.8 to 76.2
PrimaryComparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.

Time frame:
3 months for each drug
Reported as:
Mean · mmol/l
Comparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG)With Pioglitazone and Metformin
mmol/lPioglitazone (001 Group)Metformin ( 002 Group)
Baseline FSG6.9 ± 2.56.2 ± 1.6
3rd Month FSG5.4 ± 1.26.5 ± 2.6
Statistical analysis
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin ( 002 Group) · ANOVA · p = <0.05 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, Multiple Logistic Regression (MLR), OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): -0.74 · 95% CI -7.9 to 8.0The group 001 was divided according to Pro12Pro and Pro12Ala groups.There was no Ala12Ala group.These two groups were compared also in accordance with all parameters (glycemic levels, insulin levels, lipid profiles, BMI).
PrimaryComparison of Changes in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.

Time frame:
3 months for each drug
Reported as:
Mean · percentage
Comparison of Changes in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)With Pioglitazone and Metformin
percentagePioglitazone (001 Group)Metformin ( 002 Group)
Baseline HbA1c7.3 ± 1.27.8 ± 2.0
3rd month HbA1c6.7 ± 1.17.0 ± 1.5
Statistical analysis
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin ( 002 Group) · ANOVA · p = >0.05 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, MLR, OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): -0.64 · 95% CI -4.4 to 2.4
PrimaryComparison of Changes in Insulin Levels (HOMA IR,QUICKI) With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin. Analysis 1: Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance(HOMA IR) Analysis 2: Quantitative Insulin sensitivity Check Index(QUICKI)

Time frame:
3 months for each drug
Reported as:
Mean · Score on a scale ( SI unit)
Comparison of Changes in Insulin Levels (HOMA IR,QUICKI) With Pioglitazone and Metformin
Score on a scale ( SI unit)Pioglitazone (001 Group)Metformin ( 002 Group)
Baseline QUICKI0.52 ± 0.080.57 ± 0.12
3rd month QUICKI0.59 ± 0.120.54 ± 0.09
Baseline HOMA IR5.1 ± 3.63.7 ± 2.9
3rd month HOMA IR2.9 ± 1.94.3 ± 3.6
Statistical analysis
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin ( 002 Group) · ANOVA · p = <0.001 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, MLR, OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): 0.02 · 95% CI -0.40 to 0.27
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin ( 002 Group) · ANOVA · p = <0.004 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, MLR, OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): -1.04 · 95% CI -14.12 to 15.52
PrimaryComparison of Changes in HOMA Percent B and HOMA Percent S With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin. Analysis 1: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Beta cell function(HOMA percent B) Analysis 2: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity (Homa percent S)

Time frame:
3 months for each drug
Reported as:
Mean · percentage
Comparison of Changes in HOMA Percent B and HOMA Percent S With Pioglitazone and Metformin
percentagePioglitazone (001 Group)Metformin ( 002 Group)
Baseline HOMA percent beta cells function118.9 ± 87.0109.3 ± 61.0
3rd month HOMA percent beta cells function132.3 ± 66.0116.0 ± 77.0
Baseline HOMA percent sensitivity51.1 ± 30.876.2 ± 52.0
3rd month HOMA percent sensitivity69.3 ± 31.067.2 ± 45.0
Statistical analysis
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin ( 002 Group) · ANOVA · p = <0.808 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, MLR, OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): 9.79 · 95% CI -346.40 to 328.10
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin ( 002 Group) · ANOVA · p = <0.025 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, MLR, OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): 7.53 · 95% CI -148.70 to 180
PrimaryComparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Insulin (FSI)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.

Time frame:
3 months for each drug
Reported as:
Mean · μU/ml
Comparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Insulin (FSI)With Pioglitazone and Metformin
μU/mlPioglitazone (001 Group)Metformin ( 002 Group)
Baseline FSI16.2 ± 8.713.0 ± 8.8
3rd month FSI12.3 ± 7.513.9 ± 7.3
Statistical analysis
  • Pioglitazone (001 Group) vs Metformin ( 002 Group) · ANOVA · p = <0.039 (Category: Univariate \& Multivariate analysis. (ANOVA, Pair t tests, MLR, OR, Pearson Correlation)) · Mean difference (net): -2.09 · 95% CI -27.04 to 26.52

Adverse events

Collected over 3 months for pioglitazone treatment and next 3 months for metformin treatment. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
Pioglitazone (001 Group)—0/77 (0%)14/77 (18.2%)
Metformin (002 Group)—2/70 (2.9%)19/70 (27.1%)
Most frequent serious events
Most frequent serious events
EventPioglitazone (001 Group)Metformin (002 Group)
HypertensionVascular disorders0/771/70
Creatinine increaseRenal and urinary disorders0/771/70
Most frequent other events
Most frequent other events
EventPioglitazone (001 Group)Metformin (002 Group)
Common DepressionNervous system disorders3/776/70
Abdominal discomfortGastrointestinal disorders2/775/70
Weight gainGeneral disorders4/770/70
NauseaGastrointestinal disorders1/772/70
DizzinessNervous system disorders1/772/70
HeadacheNervous system disorders1/772/70
BackpainGastrointestinal disorders1/771/70
Mild DiarrhoeaGastrointestinal disorders0/771/70
Peripheral EdemaVascular disorders1/770/70

Baseline characteristics

Age, Categorical
Age, Categorical(Participants)Single Group Study With Two Interventions
<=18 years0
Between 18 and 65 years77
>=65 years0
Age, Continuous
Age, Continuous(years)Single Group Study With Two Interventions
Mean46 ± 6.4
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)Single Group Study With Two Interventions
Female47
Male30
Region of Enrollment
Region of Enrollment(participants)Single Group Study With Two Interventions
Bangladesh77
08

Study locations

1 site
  • Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM)
    Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
09

References and documents

Publications

  • Laakso M. Hyperglycemia and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 1999 May;48(5):937-42. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.48.5.937. PubMed 10331395 ↗
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10

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Feb 28, 2014, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
11

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT01589445
Lead sponsor
University of Dhaka
Collaborators
Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, University of Dundee
Responsible party
Dr. Masuma Parvin (Research fellow, University of Dhaka) — Principal investigator
First posted
May 2, 2012
Start date
Nov 2008
Primary completion
Dec 2009
Completion
Jun 2010
Results posted
Feb 27, 2014
Last update
Feb 28, 2014

Study contacts

AK Azad Chowdhury, PhD
study chair · University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Masuma Parvin, PhD
principal investigator · University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Begum Rokeya, PhD
study director · BIRDEM,Dhaka,Bangladesh
Colin Palmer, PhD
study director · University of Dundee

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
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