Optimization of NULOJIX® Usage As A Means of Avoiding CNI and Steroids in Renal Transplantation

Keywords

• immunosuppressive (IS) regimens
• long-term graft function
• CNI (calcineurin Inhibitor )-free IS regimen
• CNI (calcineurin Inhibitor ) IS regimen
• corticosteroids

Lead sponsor

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is the lead sponsor of 2,401 studies on the registry; 179 are open to participants now.

Of its 396 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 294 (74%) have results posted.

Study arms

• Active comparator
  Tac maintenance

  Group 1 Study Therapy Regimen:Induction with alemtuzumab and maintenance immunosuppression with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Campath® (alemtuzumab); long-term Prograf® (tacrolimus), or equivalent ; CellCept® (mycophenolate mofetil- MMF), or equivalent , and 4 day course of MEDROL® (methylprednisolone)

  Drug: Alemtuzumab · Drug: MMF · Drug: tacrolimus · Drug: methylprednisolone

• Experimental
  Belatacept maintenance

  Group 2 Study Therapy Regimen: Induction with alemtuzumab and maintenance with Nulojix® (belatacept) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Campath® (alemtuzumab); Nulojix® (belatacept); CellCept® (mycophenolate mofetil- MMF), or equivalent, and 4 day course of MEDROL®(Methylprednisolone)

  Drug: Alemtuzumab · Drug: MMF · Biological: Belatacept · Drug: methylprednisolone

• Experimental
  Basiliximab induction/Short-term Tac

  Short term = 3 months Group 3 Study Therapy Regimen: Induction with 2 doses of basiliximab and tacrolimus for 84 days and maintenance with Nulojix® (belatacept) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Simulect® (basiliximab); Nulojix® (belatacept); short-term course of Prograf® (tacrolimus), or equivalent; CellCept® (mycophenolate mofetil- MMF), or equivalent, and 4 day course of MEDROL® (methylprednisolone)

  Drug: MMF · Biological: Basiliximab · Drug: Short-term Tac · Biological: Belatacept · Drug: methylprednisolone

Interventions

• DrugAlemtuzumab

  Induction therapy. Group 1 and 2 study therapy regimens include induction with alemtuzumab, administered as a single intravenous dose intra-operatively over a period of 2 hours.

  Also known as: Campath®

• DrugMMF

  All treatment groups (e.g., Group 1, 2 and 3): Administered at a target dose of 1000 mg by mouth twice daily beginning on the day of surgery or post operative day 1 and adjusted as clinically warranted. Note: Myfortic® (mycophenolate sodium) may be used as a replacement for MMF, at a dose of 720 mg taken by mouth twice daily.

  Also known as: mycophenolate mofetil, CellCept®

• BiologicalBasiliximab

  Induction therapy. Group 3 study therapy regimen includes induction with basiliximab, administered in two doses: 1 dose administered within 2 hours prior to transplantation surgery and the 2nd dose 4 days after transplantation (unless held due to contraindication\[s\])

  Also known as: Simulect®

• DrugShort-term Tac

  Short-term (3 months)

  Also known as: tacrolimus, Prograf®

• Drugtacrolimus

  maintenance

  Also known as: Prograf®

• BiologicalBelatacept

  maintenance

  Also known as: Nulojix®

• Drugmethylprednisolone

  All study treatment groups: administration started on the day of transplant and tapered over a 4 day course.

  Also known as: MEDROL®

Primary outcomes

1. Mean Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Calculated for Each Treatment Group Using the CKD-EPI Equation at Wk 52

   GFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation (CKD-EPI). A score of ≥ 90 means kidney function is normal. A score between 60 and 89 indicates mildly reduced kidney function, pointing to kidney disease. Scores between 30 and 59 indicates moderately reduced kidney function. Scores between 15 and 29 indicate severely reduced kidney function. Scores below 15 indicate very severe or endstage kidney failure.

   Time frame: Week 52

Secondary outcomes

1. Count of Participants With Biopsy Proven Acute Rejection at Any Time Post-Transplant

   Biopsy proven acute rejection was defined as histologic evidence of borderline or higher cellular rejection per local pathologist.

   Time frame: Transplantation through last study visit (up to week 156)

2. Count of Participants With Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) < 60 mL/Min/1.73 m^2 by CKD EPI

   GFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation (CKD-EPI). A score of ≥90 means kidney function is normal. A score between 60 and 89 indicates mildly reduced kidney function, pointing to kidney disease. Scores between 30 and 59 indicates moderately reduced kidney function. Scores between 15 and 29 indicate severely reduced kidney function. Scores below 15 indicate very severe or endstage kidney failure. This measure specifically looked at participants with scores less than 60.

   Time frame: Week 52, Week 104, and Week 156

3. Count of Participants by Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stage Post-Transplant

   The stages of Chronic Kidney Disease are defined using the participant's GFR value as indicated below: Stage 1 if GFR value is ≥90; Stage 2 if GFR value is ≥60 and \< 90; Stage 3A if 45 ≤GFR \< 60; Stage 3B if 30 ≤ GFR \< 45; Stage 4 if 15 ≤GFR \< 30;l Stage 5 if GFR \< 15. Stage 1 means kidney function is normal. Stage 2 indicates mildly reduced kidney function, pointing to kidney disease. Stages 3A and 3B indicate moderately reduced kidney function. Stage 4 indicates severely reduced kidney function. Stage 5 indicates very severe or end stage kidney failure.

   Time frame: Week 52, Week 104, and Week 156

4. Count of Participants With CKD Stage 4 or 5

   The stages of Chronic Kidney Disease are defined using the participant's GFR value as indicated below. Stage 1 if GFR value is ≥90; Stage 2 if 60 ≤ GFR \< 90; Stage 3A if 45 ≤ GFR \< 60; Stage 3B if 30 ≤ GFR \< 45; Stage 4 if 15 ≤ GFR \< 30; Stage 5 if GFR \< 15. Stage 1 means kidney function is normal. Stage 2 indicates mildly reduced kidney function, pointing to kidney disease. Stages 3A abd 3B indicate moderately reduced kidney function. Stage 4 indicates severely reduced kidney function. Stage 5 indicates very severe or end stage kidney failure.

   Time frame: Week 52, Week 104, and Week 156

5. Mean Calculated eGFR Using MDRD 4 Variable Model

   The estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (MDRD). A score of ≥90 means kidney function is normal. A score between 60 and 89 indicates mildly reduced kidney function, pointing to kidney disease. Scores between 30 and 59 indicates moderately reduced kidney function. Scores between 15 and 29 indicate severely reduced kidney function. Scores below 15 indicate very severe or endstage kidney failure.

   Time frame: Week 52, Week 104, and Week 156

6. The Slope of eGFR by CKD-EPI Over Time Based on Serum Creatinine

   The estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation (CKD-EPI). A score of ≥90 means kidney function is normal. A score between 60 and 89 indicates mildly reduced kidney function, pointing to kidney disease. Scores between 30 and 59 indicates moderately reduced kidney function. Scores between 15 and 29 indicate severely reduced kidney function. Scores below 15 indicate very severe or endstage kidney failure. An estimate of the slope, or change over time, in eGFR was produced using standard statistical linear modeling procedures. The estimate was then re-scaled so that it can be interpreted as a change in eGFR per month. Positive numbers indicate increasing kidney function. Larger numbers indicate greater change in kidney function.

   Time frame: Week 52, Week 104, and Week 156

7. Count of Participants With Delayed Graft Function Post-Transplant

   Delayed graft function is defined as dialysis in the first week on one or more occasions for any indication other than the treatment of acute hyperkalemia in the setting of otherwise acceptable renal function

   Time frame: Any time within the first week post-transplant

8. An Increase of One or More Grades of CAN/IFTA When Comparing the Implantation and Subsequent Protocol Biopsies

   CAN/IFTA grades reflect the severity of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy present in the tissue obtained during a kidney biopsy. Higher grades indicate greater severity in interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy present the kidney biopsy tissue. The aim of this measure was to compare central lab reviewed pre-implantation biopsies to post-transplant biopsies, as pre-specified per protocol; however, the central lab had an inadequate set of biopsies to proceed with evaluation.

   Time frame: Week 52, Week 104, and Week 156

9. Count of Participants With CAN/IFTA Grade I, II or III at Any Time Post-transplant

   CAN/IFTA grades were determined per local pathology interpretations of biopsy tissue. These grades reflect the severity of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy present in the tissue obtained during a kidney biopsy. Higher grades indicate greater severity in interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy present the kidney biopsy tissue.

   Time frame: Transplantation through last study visit (up to week 156)

10. Count of Participants With Acute Cellular Rejection Grade Equal to or Greater Than IA, by the Banff 2007 Criteria

    Acute cellular rejection is when lesions at the site of the graft characteristically are infiltrated with large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages that cause tissue damage. Acute cellular rejection for this endpoint is defined as a grade ≥ IA by Banff 2007 criteria.

    Time frame: Transplantation through last study visit (up to week 156)

11. Count of Participants by Severity of First Acute Cellular Rejection by Wk 52

    Acute cellular rejection is when lesions at the site of the graft characteristically are infiltrated with large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages that cause tissue damage. Acute cellular rejection for this endpoint is defined as a grade ≥ IA by Banff 2007 criteria. Severity is graded as IA, IB, IIA, IIB, or III, with IA being the mildest form of cellular rejection and III being the most severe form of cellular rejection. Originally, this endpoint was worded as "The severity of first and highest acute cellular rejection within the first 52 weeks." But since the highest grade for each subject coincided with the first ACR episode for each subject, only a summary of severity of the first episode is presented here.

    Time frame: Transplantation through Week 52

12. Count of Participants With Antibody Mediated Rejection

    Antibody mediated rejection (AMR) is defined as diffusely positive staining for C4d, presence of circulating anti-donor antibodies and morphologic evidence of acute tissue injury.

    Time frame: Transplantation through last study visit (up to week 156)

13. Type of Treatment of Rejection

    Upon having a biopsy performed, persons often receive treatment for rejection based on the results of the biopsy, which may or may not have shown signs of rejection. Details of biopsy findings and corresponding treatment are presented here for each instance of treatment for rejection. Acronyms and abbreviations are defined below. ACR=Acute Cellular Rejection ATG=Anti-thymocyte globulin therapy Chr. AMR=Chronic Antibody Mediated Rejection Gd.=Grade IFTA=Interstitial Fibrosis and Tubular Atrophy IVIG=Intravenous Immunoglobulin therapy. Only 'for cause' biopsies were performed post-transplant; thus, it is possible for a participant to be included in the analysis population and not have a biopsy for this outcome measure.

    Time frame: Transplantation through last study visit (up to week 156)

14. Count of Participants With de Novo Anti-donor HLA Antibodies at Wk 52

    The presence of antibodies reactive to Histocompatibility Antigen (HLA) molecules expressed on the renal allograft have been associated with both acute and chronic injury to the transplanted kidney. The development of de novo anti- donor HLA antibodies may mean a person is more likely to reject the graft.

    Time frame: Week 52

15. Count of Participants With Either New Onset Diabetes After Transplant (NODAT) or Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) at Wk 52 Based on Criteria Specified by the ADA and WHO

    New onset diabetes is the development of diabetes post-kidney transplant. It was identified by the clinical sites caring for each participant and reported directly in the clinical database. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is a determination made by referencing glucose measurements obtained from a standard chemistry panel. Any fasting glucose measure that is between 110 and 125 mg/dL is classified as IFG. Acronyms: American Diabetes Association (ADA); World Health Organization (WHO).

    Time frame: Week 52

16. Count of Participants With Treated Diabetes Between Day 14 and Wk 52

    Treated diabetes is defined as the receipt of oral medication or insulin for \>14 days between 14 days and 52 weeks post-transplant

    Time frame: Day 14 to Week 52

17. HbA1c Measured at Days 28 & 84, and Weeks 24, 36, 52, 72, 104 and 156

    Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measures the average blood glucose levels over 8-12 weeks, thus acting as a useful long-term gauge of blood glucose control. A value below 6.0% reflects normal levels, 6.0% to 6.4% reflects prediabetes, and a value of ≥ 6.5% reflects diabetes.

    Time frame: Day 28, Day 84, Week 24, Week 36, Week 52, Week 72, Week 104, Week 156

18. Standardized Blood Pressure Measurement at Wk 52

    A blood pressure measurement consists of two numbers: the systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure measures the pressure in blood vessels when the heart beats. Diastolic pressure measures the pressure in blood vessels between beats of the heart. Systolic measures of \<120 and diastolic measures of \<80 are considered normal. Systolic measures of 120-139 and diastolic measures of 80-89 are considered at risk (or pre-hypertension). Systolic measures of ≥140 and diastolic measures of ≥90 are considered high.

    Time frame: Week 52

19. Count of Participants With Use of Anti-hypertensive Medications at Wk 52

    Anti-hypertensive medications are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension. The medications seek to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stoke and myocardial infarction.

    Time frame: Week 52

20. Fasting Lipid Profile (Total Cholesterol, Non-HDL Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and Triglyceride) at Baseline and Wks 24, 52, 104 and 156

    A fasting lipid profiles measures total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. These measurements are used in assessing one's risk of cardiovascular disease. Target ranges for each of these measures are detailed below. Total cholesterol: 75-169 mg/dL if age ≤ 20; 100-199 mg/dL if age ≥ 21; high values indicate risk of cardiovascular disease LDL cholesterol: \<70 mg/dL for people with documented cardiovascular disease or metabolic syndrome; \<100 mg/dL for people considered high risk for cardiovascular disease; \<130 mg/dL for people considered low risk for cardiovascular disease; high values indicate risk of cardiovascular disease HDL cholesterol: 40mg/dL and higher; high values indicate reduced risk of cardiovascular disease Non-HDL cholesterol: 30 mg/dL above the target value for LDL cholesterol; high values indicate risk of cardiovascular disease Triglycerides: \<150 mg/dL; high values indicate risk of cardiovascular disease

    Time frame: Baseline, Week 24, Week 52, Week 104, Week 156

21. Count of Participants With Use of Lipid Lowering Medications at Baseline and Wks 24, 52, 104 and 156

    Lipid lowering medications are used in the treatment of high levels of fats (lipids), such as cholesterol in blood

    Time frame: Baseline, Week 24, Week 52, Week 104, Week 156

22. Total Daily Prescribed Pill Number at Days 28 and 84, and Wks 24, 36, 52, 72, 104 and 156

    This is a measure of the total number of pills a participant was prescribed on a given day

    Time frame: Day 28, Day 84, Week 24, Week 36, Week 52, Week 72, Week 104, Week 156

23. Number of Events of Death or Graft Loss

    This measure counts deaths and graft loss occurring at any point post transplantation. Graft loss is defined as need for dialysis for greater than 30 days duration, allograft nephrectomy, or retransplantation.

    Time frame: Transplantation through last study visit (up to week 156)

24. Count of Participants With Rejection

    The number of participants who were treated by their local physician for any type of rejection including, but not limited to cellular rejection and antibody- mediated rejection of the transplanted kidney regardless of the presence of a biopsy.

    Time frame: Transplantation through last study visit (up to week 156)

25. Number of All Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

    Adverse events were collected systematically from enrollment through last study visit. Displayed below are counts of all adverse events per treatment group (including both serious and non-serious adverse events). Separately counts of all adverse events determined to be serious are displayed per treatment group. More detail about adverse events for this trial is displayed in the 'Adverse Event' section.

    Time frame: Enrollment through last study visit (up to week 156)

26. Count of Participants With Infections Requiring Hospitalization or Systemic Therapy Reported as Serious Adverse Events

    Infections of certain types (i.e., excluding those identified in the protocol as occurring commonly in this study population) were required to be reported as a serious adverse event if they required either inpatient hospitalization of prolongation of a current hospitalization.

    Time frame: Transplantation through last study visit (up to week 156)

27. Count of Participants With BKV and CMV Viremia (Local Center Monitoring) Reported as Adverse Events

    Viral infections following renal transplantation is significant source of recipient morbidity and mortality, and a significant cause of allograft dysfunction and loss. Specific viruses were monitored during this study using participant blood samples. Acronyms: BK Polyoma Virus (BKV); Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

    Time frame: Transplantation through last study visit (up to week 156)

28. Count of Participants With EBV Infection as Reported on the Case Report Form as Adverse Events

    Viral infections following renal transplantation is a significant source of recipient morbidity and mortality, and a significant cause of allograft dysfunction and loss. Specific viruses were monitored during this study using participant blood samples. Acronym: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

    Time frame: Transplantation through last study visit (up to week 156)

29. Count of Participants With Fever > 39 Degrees Celsius and Blood Pressure < 90mm Hg Within 24 Hours of Onset of Transplant Procedure

    Temperature of \>39 degrees Celsius would be an indication of fever most often in response to an infection or illness. Systolic blood pressure \<90mm Hg would be an indication of low blood pressure.

    Time frame: 24 hours after transplantation

Baseline characteristics

Publications

• Newell KA, Mehta AK, Larsen CP, Stock PG, Farris AB, Mehta SG, Ikle D, Armstrong B, Morrison Y, Bridges N, Robien M, Mannon RB. Lessons Learned: Early Termination of a Randomized Trial of Calcineurin Inhibitor and Corticosteroid Avoidance Using Belatacept. Am J Transplant. 2017 Oct;17(10):2712-2719. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14377. Epub 2017 Jul 3. PubMed 28556519 ↗

Related links

• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) website ↗