ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT01166451Updated Oct 18, 2011

The Anemia Control Program: High or Low Iron Supplementation

An interventional study of Low-iron formula and High-iron formula in Iron Deficiency Anemia, Cognitive Development and Motor Development, sponsored by Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Completed at 1 site in Chile. Open to participants aged 6 Months to 6 Months. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2011-10-18.

Sponsored by Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
835
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
6 Months to 6 Months
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The purpose of this clinical trial was to determine if high-iron or low-iron formula, containing an average of 12.7 mg/L or 2.3 mg/L respectively, had differing effects on iron status in infancy and on development longitudinally.

Read the detailed description

For a detailed description of the clinical trial setting and procedures in infancy, please refer to the following:

Walter T, Pino P, Pizarro F and Lozoff B. Prevention of iron-deficiency anemia: Comparison of high- and low-iron formulas in term healthy infants after six months of life. J Pedr 1998:132:635-40.

02

Conditions studied

  • Iron Deficiency Anemia
  • Cognitive Development
  • Motor Development

Keywords

  • iron deficiency anemia
  • cognitive development
  • motor development
03

In context

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency

660 studies on the registry are indexed under Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; 106 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 835 is above the median of 100 across 515 interventional studies indexed under Anemia, Iron-Deficiency.

Browse Anemia, Iron-Deficiency studies →

Lead sponsor

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) is the lead sponsor of 422 studies on the registry; 25 are open to participants now.

Of its 14 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 11 (79%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
6 Months to 6 Months
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Birth weight >= 3.0 kg
  • single birth
  • no major congenital anomalies
  • no major birth or neonatal complications
  • no emergency c-section
  • no jaundice requiring phototherapy
  • no hospitalization for more than 5 days
  • no chronic illness
  • no iron therapy
  • already started to received some bottle feedings by 6 months of age

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • residence outside identified neighborhoods
  • another infant \<12 months in household
  • infant in daycare
  • unstable, illiterate, or psychotic caregiver
05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Triple (Participant, Care provider, Investigator)
Enrollment
835 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Low-iron

    Infants randomly assigned at 6 months of age to receive low-iron formula (average 2.3 mg/L, range 1.6 - 2.4 mg/L) until 12 months of age.

    Dietary Supplement: Low-iron formula

  • Experimental
    High-iron

    Infants randomly assigned at 6 months of age to receive high-iron formula (average 12.7 mg/L) until 12 months of age.

    Dietary Supplement: High-iron formula

Interventions

  • Dietary supplementLow-iron formula

    Infants randomly assigned at 6 months of age to receive low-iron formula (average 2.3 mg/L, range 1.6 - 2.4 mg/L) until 12 months of age. Low-iron formula distributed in powdered form. Project personnel visited infants' homes weekly to record measures of powdered formula used per day. Formula consumption was also verified by the number of cans given by the clinic nurse at each visit (regular pediatric visits and monthly clinic appointments until 12 months of age.)

  • Dietary supplementHigh-iron formula

    Infants randomly assigned at 6 months of age to receive high-iron formula (average 12.7 mg/L) until 12 months of age. High-iron formula distributed in powdered form. Project personnel visited infants' homes weekly to record measures of powdered formula used per day. Formula consumption was also verified by the number of cans given by the clinic nurse at each visit (regular pediatric visits and monthly clinic appointments until 12 months of age.)

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Iron deficiency anemia

    Time frame: 12 and 18 months

Secondary outcomes

  1. Longitudinal child behavior and development

    Time frame: 10 years

07

Study locations

1 site
  • Instituto de Nutriticion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos
    Santiago, Chile
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Walter T, Pino P, Pizarro F, Lozoff B. Prevention of iron-deficiency anemia: comparison of high- and low-iron formulas in term healthy infants after six months of life. J Pediatr. 1998 Apr;132(4):635-40. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70352-x. PubMed 9580762 ↗
  • East PL, Reid B, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Iron supplementation given to nonanemic infants: neurocognitive functioning at 16 years. Nutr Neurosci. 2023 Jan;26(1):40-49. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2021.2013399. Epub 2021 Dec 19. PubMed 34927561 ↗
  • East P, Doom J, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Young adult outcomes associated with lower cognitive functioning in childhood related to iron-fortified formula in infancy. Nutr Neurosci. 2022 Apr;25(4):709-718. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2020.1804099. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PubMed 32778008 ↗
  • Gahagan S, Delker E, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B. Randomized Controlled Trial of Iron-Fortified versus Low-Iron Infant Formula: Developmental Outcomes at 16 Years. J Pediatr. 2019 Sep;212:124-130.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.05.030. Epub 2019 Jun 26. PubMed 31253407 ↗
  • Lozoff B, Castillo M, Clark KM, Smith JB. Iron-fortified vs low-iron infant formula: developmental outcome at 10 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012 Mar;166(3):208-15. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.197. Epub 2011 Nov 7. PubMed 22064877 ↗
09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
Not marked actual or estimatedDates not marked actual or estimated

The record gives a start of Sep 1991, a primary completion of Aug 1994 and a completion of Mar 2004. It does not say whether these dates are actual or estimated.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Jul 19, 2010
First posted
Jul 21, 2010
Start
Sep 1991
Primary completionActual
Aug 1994
CompletionActual
Mar 2004
Last update
Oct 18, 2011
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Oct 18, 2011, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT01166451
First posted
Jul 21, 2010
Start date
Sep 1991
Primary completion
Aug 1994
Completion
Mar 2004
Last update
Oct 18, 2011

Study contacts

Betsy Lozoff, MD
principal investigator · University of Michigan
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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This study is completed, as verified in Oct 2011. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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